Proteome Analysis in PAM Cells Reveals That African Swine Fever Virus Can Regulate the Level of Intracellular Polyamines to Facilitate Its Own Replication through ARG1

Abstract

In 2018, African swine fever broke out in China, and the death rate after infection was close to 100%. There is no effective and safe vaccine in the world. In order to better characterize and understand the virus–host-cell interaction, quantitative proteomics was performed on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) infected with ASFV through tandem mass spectrometry (TMT) technology, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS). The proteome difference between the simulated group and the ASFV-infected group was found at 24 h. A total of 4218 proteins were identified, including 306 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins and 238 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the expression level of the selected protein. Pathway analysis is used to reveal the regulation of protein and interaction pathways after ASFV infection. Functional network and pathway analysis can provide an insight into the complexity and dynamics of virus–host cell interactions. Further study combined with proteomics data found that ARG1 has a very important effect on ASFV replication. It should be noted that the host metabolic pathway of ARG1-polyamine is important for virus replication, revealing that the virus may facilitate its own replication by regulating the level of small molecules in the host cell.

Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections

“…M2 polarisation did not affect macrophage responses and susceptibility to ASFV infection, whereas M1 activation of either PAMs or moMϕ resulted in delayed ASFV replication [37,60]. A recent study showed that ASFV infection in PAMs resulted in increased Arg-1 expression [61], which is a hallmark of M2 polarisation in many species, including swine [62]. In addition, the authors observed that L-Arginine promoted ASFV replication in PAMs [61].…”

“…A recent study showed that ASFV infection in PAMs resulted in increased Arg-1 expression [61], which is a hallmark of M2 polarisation in many species, including swine [62]. In addition, the authors observed that L-Arginine promoted ASFV replication in PAMs [61]. ASFV probably promotes M2 polarisation to overcome host defences, considering that M1 macrophages present greater antimicrobial functions and promote T cell response development, which in vivo would limit ASFV dissemination in the host.…”

Proteomic Investigation Reveals Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A Involvement in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in vitro

“…Quantitative proteomic techniques, which are classified as label-based and label-free methods, have been used to research viral infections such as influenza virus ( 8 ), human respiratory syncytial virus ( 9 ), hepatitis B virus ( 10 ), porcine circovirus type 2 ( 11 ), foot and mouth disease virus ( 12 ), infectious bursal disease virus ( 13 ), African swine fever virus ( 14 , 15 ). Consequently, results of these studies have created a foundation of knowledge on which to build future investigations to better understand pathogenesis of other viruses, including PRRSV.…”

Comparison of the Proteomes of Porcine Macrophages and a Stable Porcine Cell Line after Infection with African Swine Fever Virus

“…While the transcriptomes of ASFV-infected cell lines [16] or primary macrophages have been studied in vitro [16,17] and in vivo [18], proteome studies of ASFV-infected cells [2] or ASFV particles [3,19] using shotgun MS platforms are rare [20]. A recent proteome study with ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) noted a differential regulation of host proteins involved in immune processes and defense responses [21]. Older studies of the ASFV proteome using 2D electrophoresis, optionally combined with MALDI-TOF MS, identified a limited number of proteins that were influenced by the infection, among them heat shock proteins, redox-related proteins, and nucleoside diphosphate kinases [22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”