Protocatecheuic Acid Underlies the Antioxidant Activity Exhibited by Illicium Verum Fruit

Abstract

| http://medcraveonline.com and its dried fruit is consumed as spice in the food and drink industry as it provides flavor and enhances the taste of food. It is used as a condiment for flavoring curries, confectionery and for pickling [1]. In traditional medicine I .verum has been used as aromatic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic as well as stimulant. It is also useful in colic, constipation, dysentery, flatulence and insomnia [2,3]. Nadkarni (1976) Anti-HIV constituents are also reported from the roots of the plant [4]. Free radicals are produced when the body converts food to energy and also generated during several biochemical reactions. More recently, oxygen-reactive species (ROS), in particular free radicals such as hydroxyl have been recognized to be involved in several pathological conditions [5,6]. Antioxidants stabilize polyunsaturated fatty acid in food and are also known to reduce the risk of many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurological disorders [7]. Therefore, the search and characterization of efficacious and cost effective antioxidants from natural products with fewer side effects has been considerable interest in recent years. Previously, no investigation has been conducted regarding the antioxidant properties of any part of Illicium verum, including its fruit; however, there is a report in which antioxidant activities of herbs and species including I. verum from commercial sources were mentioned [8]. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of I. verum dried fruit via the bioassay guided fractionation using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and deoxyribose degradation assays. Rutin, ascorbic acid and trolox (vitamin E) were used as standard drugs in this study. Materials and Methods Chemicals Rutin, vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), trolox (analogue of vitamin E) and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) were purchased from Sigma (USA). Methanol was obtained from Merck, Germany. Silica gel 60HF 254 was used for vacuum liquid chromatography.

Molecular mechanisms associated with the chemoprotective role of protocatechuic acid and its potential benefits in the amelioration of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A review

“…Specifically, iron overload results in the generation of superoxide anion radical, O 2 - ; hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 ; and malondialdehydes (MDAs) into more toxic ROS entities, like hydroxyl radicals ( - OH) [123] , [124] . Interestingly, the metal-chelating and metal radical-scavenging properties of PCA have been reported in vitro using the positive controls Trolox and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) [19] , [125] , [126] . Notably, the metal-chelating capacity of PCA on Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ as well as its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was observed to be dose-dependent and significantly higher than those of the positive controls [126] .…”

“…Interestingly, the metal-chelating and metal radical-scavenging properties of PCA have been reported in vitro using the positive controls Trolox and Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) [19] , [125] , [126] . Notably, the metal-chelating capacity of PCA on Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ as well as its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was observed to be dose-dependent and significantly higher than those of the positive controls [126] . Various antioxidant assays were used to demonstrate the metal-chelating as well as superoxide anion radical-scavenging and hydroxyl radical-scavenging powers of PCA concerning positive controls [19] , [125] .…”

Illicium verum anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 cell line

“…This extract was kept at 4ºC and used for the assays. 11,12 For the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells (a TNBC cell line by ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), it was cultured in DMEM, which contains a mixture of FBS (10%) and antibiotic-antimycotic (1%). In cell viability assay, 1×10 4 MDA-MB-231 cells were placed in each well of 96-well culture plate with 100µl of DMEM.…”

Illicium verum and Eucommia ulmoides leaf extracts promote nutrient availability and antioxidant capacity in piglets by upregulating duodenal and jejunal Nrf2/TNF‐α

“…I. verum powder or oil was shown to increase the antioxidant capacities of lactating multiparous sows (Wang et al, 2015), laying hens (Yang et al, 2017;Yu et al, 2018) and broilers (Ding, Yang, Yang, 2017;Ding, Yang, Yi, et al, 2017), which is consistent with the results of this study. Bhatti et al (2017) reported that protocatechuic acid in I. verum has excellent antioxidative properties. E. ulmoides leaf extracts (100 mg/kg) and E. ulmoides leaves (5 g/ kg) were shown to increase the GSH-Px and SOD activity in serum of piglets (Yuan et al, 2017) and growing rabbits (Li et al, 2018) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picric acid-free radical showed that it was related to its phenolic and flavonoid components (Alhajj et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2012).…”