Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer upon Oxidation of Tyrosine in a De Novo Protein: Analysis of Proton Acceptor Candidates

Abstract

Redox-active residues, such as tyrosine and tryptophan, play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. The α 3 Y de novo protein, which is composed of three α helices and a tyrosine residue Y32, provides a platform for investigating the redox properties of tyrosine in a welldefined protein environment. Herein, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction that occurs upon oxidation of tyrosine in this model protein by a ruthenium photosensitizer is studied by using a vibronically nonadiabatic PCET theory that includes hydrogen tunneling and excited vibronic states. The input quantities to the analytical nonadiabatic rate constant expression, such as the diabatic proton potential energy curves and associated proton vibrational wave functions, reorganization energy, and proton donor−acceptor distribution functions, are obtained from density functional theory calculations on model systems and molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated α 3 Y protein. Two possible proton acceptors, namely, water or a glutamate residue in the protein scaffold, are explored. The PCET rate constant is greater when glutamate is the proton acceptor, mainly due to the more favorable driving force and shorter equilibrium proton donor−acceptor distance, although contributions from excited vibronic states mitigate these effects. Nevertheless, water could be the dominant proton acceptor if its equilibrium constant associated with hydrogen bond formation is significantly greater than that for glutamate. Although these calculations do not definitively identify the proton acceptor for this PCET reaction, they elucidate the conditions under which each proton acceptor can be favored. These insights have implications for tyrosine-based PCET in a wide variety of biochemical processes.