Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage in Urban vs. Rural Intensive Care Units: A Narrative Review of Implications for Standardization of Care

Abstract

Intensive care unit (ICU) patients frequently require and benefit from stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Despite recognized benefits, PPIs are overutilized in patients who do not have high-risk factors predisposing them to clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding (CSGIB), including mechanical ventilation and coagulopathy. This overuse increases the risk of adverse effects associated with PPIs. Several urban healthcare systems have created educational initiatives aimed at reducing PPI usage in patients who do not meet recommendations or who are outside the period for serious risk of CSGIB. However, there was no available literature exploring PPI use or educational trends in rural hospitals. This situation presents an opportunity to investigate the disparities in PPI use between rural and urban healthcare settings. This narrative review aimed to assess current data on PPI usage in both urban and rural critical care environments, and to appraise existing practices, ultimately identifying gaps in current literature and informing future guidelines. With these evaluations, this review intended to provide a comprehensive overview of current PPI prescribing practices in the ICU and improve patient care across diverse healthcare settings.