Protozoal Infections

McDougald, L. R.; Cervantes, H. M.; Jenkins, Mark C.; Heß, Michael; Beckstead, Robert B.

doi:10.1002/9781119371199.ch28

Cited by 47 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 266 publications

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“…Finally, there are the third group of the host defence system elements that are symbiotic microorganisms (microbiota) of the intestine and products of their vital activity, e.g., bacteriocins, short-chain fatty acids, etc. In birds, a large microbial community of numerous bacteria, archaea, micromycetes, protozoans and viruses populate the gastrointestinal tract [3,4,5,6]. The most abundant and diverse microflora is inherent in the caecum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic

Laptev¹,

Филиппова²,

Kochish

et al. 2019

Animals

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Simple SummarySalmonellosis is among the most common infectious poultry diseases that also represent a high risk to human health. The pathological process caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) triggers in the caecum the expression of certain genes, e.g., avian β-defensins (gallinacins), cytokines (interleukins), etc. On the other hand, gut microbiota influences the infection potential of pathogens. The present study aimed at revealing the differential expression of genes associated with the immune system and changes in the bacterial communities in the intestine of growing chickens in response to SE infection. We also tested a feed additive, essential oils-based phytobiotic Intebio, as a potential alternative to antibiotics and showed effects of its administration on the caecal microbiome composition and the expression of some genes related to immunity. The phytobiotic showed its efficiency for application in poultry rearing and production.AbstractThis study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic

Laptev¹,

Филиппова²,

Kochish

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…Oral trichomoniasis is considered an emerging disease in many parts of the world and is affecting wild species in which there are no previous reports of the disease, characterizing the spillover (Bunbury et al 2007, Forzán et al 2010, Lawson et al 2011. The disease should be differentiated from oral candidiasis, fowlpox (pox virus) and hypovitaminosis A, since in these diseases oral lesions are similar to those described in trichomoniasis (Cole 1999, Joppert 2007, McDougald 2013.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral trichomoniasis in raptors in Southern Brazil

et al. 2019

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A retrospective study of oral trichomoniasis cases in raptors was carried out at “Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico” of “Faculdade de Veterinária” of “Universidade Federal de Pelotas” (LRD-UFPel) from December 2014 to August 2017. Seven necropsy reports were reviewed. All raptors including Falconiformes and Strigiformes orders were from periurban zones. Four birds were adults, and there was no apparent sex predisposition. Clinical signs included dysphagia, regurgitation, and anorexia. Gross lesions were characterized by multifocal yellow to coalescent caseous nodules adhered to the oral cavity, which extended to the entrance of the esophagus. Microscopically, the lesions were characterized by severe focally extensive heterophilic granulomatous stomatitis. Trichomonas gallinae was isolated in modified Diamond medium of all samples collected from birds. It is believed the transmission occurred by the predation of domestic pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) contaminated with T. gallinae that agglomerate in patios of grain processing complexes.

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“…They become a potential human health risk regardless of monitoring appropriate antibiotic withdrawal times before reaching the market [ 20 ]. Further, sulfonamide use in the form of anticoccidial additives in food animals has encountered the emergence of drug-resistant strain infections [ 21 ]. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has speculated that annually over 2,000,000 sicknesses and 23,000 mortalities are due to microbial resistance to antibiotics in the USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced Aberrant Organisms with Novel Ability to Protect Intestinal Integrity from Inflammation in an Animal Model

2017

Nutrients

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Robust and balanced gut microbiota are required to support health and growth. Overgrowth of gut microbial or pathogens can change ecosystem balance, and compromise gut integrity to initiate gastrointestinal (GI) complications. There is no safe and effective modality against coccidiosis. Antibiotic additives routinely fed to food animals to protect against infection, are entered into the food chain, contaminate food products and pass to the consumers. Hypothesis: induced aberrant organisms possess distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated by immunodeficient-animals yet are non-pathogenic, but immunogenic in various strains of chicks to act as a preventive (vaccine) and eliminating the needs for antibiotic additives. Methods: cyclophosphamide-immunodeficient and immune-intact-chicks were inoculated with induced aberrant or normal Coccidal-organisms. Immune-intact-chicks were immunized with escalating-doses of organisms. Results: Aberrant organisms showed distinct ultrastructure with 8-free-sporozoites which lacked sporocysts walls and veils. Immunodeficient-chicks inoculated with normal-organisms developed severe GI complications but tolerated aberrant-organisms (p < 0.001) while they had no detectable antibodies. Naïve-animals challenged with a pathogenic-dose showed GI complications, bloody diarrhea, severe lesions and weight loss. Immune-intact-animals immunized with aberrant forms were protected against high dose normal-pathogenic-challenge infection and gained more weight compared to those immunized with normal-organisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Aberrant organisms possess a distinct ultrastructure and are tolerated in immunodeficient-chicks, yet provide novel immune-protection against pathogenic challenges including diarrhea, malnutrition and weight loss in immune-intact-animals to warrant further investigations toward vaccine production.

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Protozoal Infections

Cited by 47 publications

References 266 publications

Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic

Examination of the Expression of Immunity Genes and Bacterial Profiles in the Caecum of Growing Chickens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and Fed a Phytobiotic

Oral trichomoniasis in raptors in Southern Brazil

Induced Aberrant Organisms with Novel Ability to Protect Intestinal Integrity from Inflammation in an Animal Model

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