Provocative Testing for the Assessment of the Electromagnetic Interference of RFID and NFC Readers on Implantable Pacemaker

Mattei, Eugenio; Lucano, Elena; Censi, Federica; Triventi, Michele

doi:10.1109/temc.2015.2504602

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…a Helmholtz coil setting, 41–44 whereas the remaining 11 studies investigated potential EMI in phantoms upon exposure to real-life electrical appliances [RFID/security systems ( n = 5), induction hobs ( n = 2), medical devices ( n = 2), wireless power transfer (WPT) systems ( n = 1), or a magnetically levitated linear motor car ( n = 1)]. Only one study provided precise data on the correlation of EMI and exposure characteristics 45 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review

et al. 2018

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Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range are generated by many novel electrical appliances, including electric vehicles, radiofrequency identification systems, induction hobs, or energy supply systems, such as wireless charging systems. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the IF range (1 kHz-1 MHz). Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of studies used to investigate EMI. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement, we collected and evaluated studies examining EMI in in vivo studies, in vitro studies (phantom studies, benchmark tests), and simulation studies. Our analysis revealed that cardiac implants are susceptible to malfunction induced by EMF in the IF range. Electromagnetic interference may in particular be provoked by security systems and induction hobs. The results of the studies evaluated in this systematic review further indicate that the likelihood for EMI is dependent on exposure-related parameters (field strength, frequency, and modulation) and on implant- as well as on lead-related parameters (model, type of implant, implant sensitivity setting, lead configuration, and implantation site). The review shows that the factors influencing EMI are not sufficiently characterized and EMF limit values for CIED patients cannot be derived yet. Future studies should therefore, consider exposure-related parameters as well as implant- and lead-related parameters systematically. Additionally, worst-case scenarios should be considered in all study types where possible.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review

et al. 2018

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“…When the wavelength of the interference signal is several times shorter than the dimensions of the human body (e.g., GSM, UMTS, LTE phones, WiFi transmitters, UHF RFID signals), the phantom can be limited to the size needed to host the AIMD [15][16][17]. At lower frequency (e.g., 1.5 T MRI scanner, LF-HF RFID, power supply lines), the dimensions of the phantom cannot be neglected and more realistic shapes are used [18][19][20]. Given the aim of this paper, that is, to describe a general procedure that can be adopted for the risk assessment of workers with AIMD, a realistic, human-shaped phantom was used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workers with Active Implantable Medical Devices Exposed to EMF: In Vitro Test for the Risk Assessment

Mattei¹,

Censi²,

Pinto³

et al. 2019

Environments

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The occupational health and safety framework identifies workers with an active implantable medical device (AIMD), such as a pacemaker (PM) or an implantable defibrillator (ICD), as a particularly sensitive risk group that must be protected against the dangers caused by the interference of electromagnetic field (EMF). In this paper, we describe the results of in vitro testing/measurements performed according to the EN50527-2-1:2016 standard, for the risk assessment of employees with a PM exposed to three EMF sources: (1) An electrosurgical unit (ESU); (2) a transcranial stimulator (TMS); and (3) an arc welder. The ESU did not affect the PM behavior in any of the configurations tested. For the TMS and the arc welder, interference phenomena were observed in limited experimental configurations, corresponding to the maximum magnetic field coupling between the EMF source and the implant. The in vitro measurements presented can be considered an example of how the specific risk assessment for a worker with a PM can be performed, according to one of the methodologies proposed in the EN50527-2-1:2016, and can be used as scientific evidence and literature data for future risk assessments on the same EMF sources.

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“…In the case of adjacent frequency bands, an interference analysis of UHF RFID signals (865-867 in EU and 902-928 MHz in US) for GSM signals (824-849 MHz in US and 876-915 MHz in EU) was performed [20]. The EMI effects on NFC or LoRa systems by UHF RFID signals have been studied experimentally [21,22]. Previous studies that achieved EMI effects between UHF RFID technology and other wireless technologies were conducted in a restricted system deployment [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference Analysis and Experimental Results of Passive Uhf Rfid Systems in Sub-1 GHZ Wireless Communications Systems

Kim¹,

Kwon²,

Kim³

et al. 2017

PIER C

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Abstract-As ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, a smart recognition technology, has been gradually spreading to various applications, and several sub-1 GHz wireless technologies are being standardized and developed. As such technologies operate at a specific frequency band (902-928 MHz industrial, scientific, and medical bands), the impact of RF interference due to performance degradation of UHF RFID technology on the interference signal is emerging as a new obstacle. In this paper, we investigate the interference analysis and experimental results of passive UHF RFID systems in sub-1 GHz wireless communications systems. By considering interference signal frequency and power, interference deployment, antenna polarization, RF system-level analysis and experimental verification are conducted to evaluate the impact of performance degradation in the UHF RFID system on the interference signal.

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Provocative Testing for the Assessment of the Electromagnetic Interference of RFID and NFC Readers on Implantable Pacemaker

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review

Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review

Workers with Active Implantable Medical Devices Exposed to EMF: In Vitro Test for the Risk Assessment

Interference Analysis and Experimental Results of Passive Uhf Rfid Systems in Sub-1 GHZ Wireless Communications Systems

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