PRR Function of Innate Immune Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria or Bacterial Ligands

Gulati, Aakanksha; Kaur, Deepinder; Prasad, G. V. R.; Mukhopadhaya, Arunika

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_18

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…DAMPs include nucleic acids, LL37, heat shock proteins, S100A15 and HMGB1, 46 some of which have been associated with HS lesions. 47,48 DAMPs and bacterial components stimulate local macrophages, dendritic cells and keratinocytes via their various PRRs [49][50][51] to produce inflammatory cytokines. Bacterial components are also recognized by and activate the complement pathway.…”

Section: Special Features Of Skin Areas Predisposed To Hidradenitis Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology and pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa

2020

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Summary Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder. Patients develop inflamed nodules and abscesses and, at later stages of disease, epithelialized tunnels and scars in skinfolds of axillary, inguinal, gluteal and perianal areas. Quality of life is affected due to severe pain, purulent secretion, restricted mobility and systemic involvement. Genetics and lifestyle factors including smoking and obesity contribute to the development of HS. These factors lead to microbiome alteration, subclinical inflammation around the terminal hair follicles, and infundibular hyperkeratosis, resulting in plugging and rupture of the follicles. Cell‐damage‐associated molecules and propagating bacteria trigger inflammation and lead to massive immune cell infiltration that clinically manifests as inflamed nodules and abscesses. The immune system plays a key role also in the progression and chronification of skin alterations. Innate proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α), mediators of activated T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells (e.g. interleukin‐17 and interferon‐γ), and effector mechanisms of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are involved. Simultaneously, skin lesions contain anti‐inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin‐10) and show limited activity of Th22 and regulatory T cells. The inflammatory vicious circle finally results in pain, purulence, tissue destruction and scarring. Chronic inflammation in patients with HS is also frequently detected in organs other than the skin, as indicated by their comorbidities. All these aspects represent a challenge for the development of therapeutic approaches, which are urgently needed for this debilitating disease. This scholarly review focuses on the causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of HS and the potential therapeutic value of this knowledge.

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Section: Special Features Of Skin Areas Predisposed To Hidradenitis Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology and pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa

2020

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“…The barrier properties of the oral mucosa epithelium are enhanced by its cells production of a number of peptidescationic proteins, calprotectin, b-efensin and lingual antimicrobial peptide with a wide range of antimicrobial activity 5,6 . Maintaining the integrity of epithelium and barrier properties is provided by the combination of three mutually balanced processes with a synchronous course.…”

Section: Results Anddiscussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern view on mechanisms of epithelium differentiation of the oral mucosa in normal and pathological processes

Hasiuk¹,

Bozhyk²,

Radchuk³

2021

Acta stomatologica Naissi

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Background:In everyday clinical practice, patients who seek dental care in case of oral mucosa diseases are one of the most difficult categories of patients due to difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Materials and methods: The review and analysis of scientific and medical literature based on the Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, NCBI databases, the study of which does not exceed 5 years, including literature reviews and the results of clinical trials. Results: Changes in the oral mucosa can be clearly specific. Clinicians can make the correct diagnosis and determine the tactics of treatment by appearance. However, in most cases the diagnosis of diseases with this anatomical location is complicated, because the clinical picture is nonspecific and often burdened with additional local and general adverse factors. A detailed clinical examination and additional research methods are required to establish the correct diagnosis. Diagnosis of oral mucosa diseases is based on a careful assessment of clinical and laboratory data. Conclusions: Taking into account the prevalence of diseases of the oral mucosa, of particular interest is the question of the course of the process of differentiation of the epithelium of various anatomical zones in the norm and the mechanisms of restructuring of the cellular composition in pathological processes, with the cops of objectifying the diagnosis, predicting the course of the disease and pathogenetically substantiated treatment.

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“…After the interaction, PRRs trigger the expression of costimulatory molecules and activate important signaling pathways to induce the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. PRRs mainly belong to four families: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) 83 , 84 . The profiles of PRRs expressed by innate cells can lead to partially specific recognition of a type of microorganism; e.g., innate cells can distinguish between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and modulate the immune response based on this recognition, although they cannot differentiate between bacterial species 85 .…”

Section: New Findings In Fundamental Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges

2020

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The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.

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PRR Function of Innate Immune Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria or Bacterial Ligands

Cited by 33 publications

References 155 publications

Aetiology and pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa

Aetiology and pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa

Modern view on mechanisms of epithelium differentiation of the oral mucosa in normal and pathological processes

Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges

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