Prussian White Cathode Materials for All-Climate Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Prussian white (PW) is considered one of the most promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of its large ion diffusion channels, low lattice strain, facile preparation, nontoxicity, and low cost. At present, research on PW mainly focuses on optimizing the material's structures for the ambient environment yet less on its practical application under extreme temperatures. In this Spotlight, we intend to offer progress we have made in developing PW cathode materials working over wide temperatures in terms of intrinsic feasibility and development prospects. These findings provide a direction to promote the practical viability of PW under extreme conditions.

Elucidating Gas Evolution of Prussian White Cathodes for Sodium‐ion Battery Application: The Effect of Electrolyte and Moisture

“…At the same time, the voltage profile of the electrode cycled at 45 °C also strongly deviates after the overcharge, showing a much lower discharge capacity characterized by high irreversibility. Reduced performance of PBA/PW CAMs at elevated temperatures has been reported previously and attributed to degradation and formation of a resistive CEI [32,45,103] . It can be assumed that the formation of such a resistive CEI is not only more severe under overcharge conditions, but that it also prevents further oxidation of the cyanide ions to (CN) 2 by restricting charge transfer between ClO 4 − and CAM.…”

“…Reduced performance of PBA/PW CAMs at elevated temperatures has been reported previously and attributed to degradation and formation of a resistive CEI. [32,45,103] It can be assumed that the formation of such a resistive CEI is not only more severe under overcharge conditions, but that it also prevents further oxidation of the cyanide ions to (CN) 2 by restricting charge transfer between ClO 4 À and CAM. Figure 5b shows the gas evolution from a DEMS measurement conducted with only 350 μL of electrolyte instead of 750 μL.…”

Prospective hazard and toxicity screening of sodium-ion battery cathode materials

“…Correspondingly, not all possible material combinations are covered here, such as varying iron phosphate stoichiometries or Prussian White variations. [36][37][38][39][40] In the case of the cathodes considered here, all required precursors were extracted from the corresponding publications to trace the used precursors and the corresponding synthesis routes, as depicted in Table 2. Accordingly, a large number of different chemical substances is analyzed (in total 63).…”

Air-Stable Prussian White Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries Enabled by ZnO Surface Modification

“…High-cost Li, Co, and Ni inhibit the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in energy storage systems. , As a comparison, the sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) mainly consist of cheap Na, Fe, Mn, and Cu, which makes them more cost-effective. Sodium-ion batteries are gradually becoming one of the most promising alternatives or supplements to LIBs. , Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) as a low-cost cathode for SIBs possess abundant sodium storage sites and three-dimensional ion-diffusion channels, which can endow PBAs with high capacity and rapid ion diffusion. − The molecular formula of PBAs can be represented as Na x M­[Fe­(CN) 6 ] y ·□ (1– y ) · z H 2 O, in which Fe is coordinated with C to form FeC 6 octahedra, labeled as low spin Fe (LS-Fe); M is a transition metal coordinated with N in MN 6 octahedra, labeled as high spin M (HS-M); □ is the [Fe­(CN) 6 ] vacancy; 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < 1 . As a representation, iron-based Prussian white (Na 2 FeFe­(CN) 6 , PW) has a high theoretical capacity of about 170 mAh g –1 .…”