Pto Interaction Proteins: Critical Regulators in Plant Development and Stress Response

Abstract

Pto interaction (Pti) proteins are a group of proteins that can be phosphorylated by serine/threonine protein kinase Pto, which have diverse functions in plant development and stress response. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, and conserved motifs of Pti1s and predicted the potential cis-elements in the promoters of Pti1 genes using bioinformatics methods. Importantly, we systematically summarized the diverse functions of Pti1s in tomato, rice, Arabidopsis, potato, apple, and cucumber. The potential cis-elements in promoters of Pti1s decide their functional diversity in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein kinase Pti1 was phosphorylated by Pto and then modulated the downstream signaling pathways for PTI and ETI in the disease insistence process. In addition, some transcription factors have been defined as Ptis (e.g., Pti4, Pti5, and Pti6) originally, which actually were ethylene-response factors (ERFs). Pti4, Pti5, and Pti6 were modulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA), and ethylene signaling pathways and regulated diverse defense-related gene expression to cope with Pst infection and insect wounding.

Nanomaterial Size and Surface Modification Mediate Disease Resistance Activation in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

“…The superoxide dismutase [Cu–Zn]-like ( SOD ) followed a similar trend of pathogenesis-related gene expressions between the healthy and infected controls (Figure A). Pathogenesis-related proteins (regulated by PR4 , NPR1 , and acidic endochitinase like (Chitinase) ) and calmodulin (regulated by CML41 ) are known to protect cucumber from pathogen damage. , PTI5 is pathogenesis-related gene transcriptional activator . For seed treatment, the expression of six genes followed a similar order of D-PVP-650 > D-PVP-750 > D-BPs ≈ D-Hymexazol, and D-PVP-650 exhibited the best performance, except for the expression of PR4 (Figure A).…”

“…39,40 PTI5 is pathogenesis-related gene transcriptional activator. 41 For seed treatment, the expression of six genes followed a similar order of D-PVP-650 > D-PVP-750 > D-BPs ≈ D-Hymexazol, and D-PVP-650 exhibited the best performance, except for the expression of PR4 (Figure 4A). For foliar application, PVP-750 significantly improved the expression of SOD, PTI5, Chitinase, and CML41 by 1.32-, 0.28-, 0.72-, and 0.83-fold as compared to the infected controls.…”

Effector Proteins of Funneliformis mosseae: Unravelling Plant-Fungal Interactions through Reference-Based Transcriptome Analysis, In vitro Validation, and Protein‒protein Docking Studies

“…The interaction of the HOG domain-containing protein with Bluecopper proteins may indicate potential involvement in electron transport processes or even oxidative stress modulation [50]. Last, by interacting with the PTO protein, a known disease-resistance pathway component, the effector might attempt to modulate plant signaling, balancing defense and symbiosis to bene t both partners [51]. Furthermore, F. mosseae's effector with the Kex domain showed a positive interaction with plant aquaporin proteins.…”

Transcriptional Analysis on Resistant and Susceptible Kiwifruit Genotypes Activating Different Plant-Immunity Processes against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae

“…Then, it triggers the downstream defense reaction, and eventually produces a hypersensitivity reaction at the infection site to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. Pto-interaction protein (Pti) genes, Pti4 and Pti5 , can further improve tomato resistance to Pst [ 40 , 41 ]. The expression of AvrRpt2- and AvrPphB-related genes was focused, to clarify the role of ETI in the defense response after Psa infection, in our studies.…”