PtRu/C electrocatalysts prepared using γ-irradiation

Binary and ternary palladium based electrocatalysts for alkaline direct glycerol fuel cell

“…1 showed a broad peak centered at about 2q ¼ 25 (Bragg angle) that was attributed to reflection plane (002) of the hexagonal structure of Carbon Vulcan XC-72R (C) support. The four diffraction peaks related to the Pd are showed at 2q, approximately, 40 , 46 , 68 and 82 , associated with the reflection planes (111), (200), (220) and (311), respectively, which are characteristic of the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of Pd [22,26,34,35]. Five peaks related to Au were observed at about 2q ¼ 38 , 45 , 65 , 78 and 82 , attributed to the (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) planes, respectively, which are characteristic of the fcc structure of Au [36].…”

Synthesis methods of low-Pt-loading electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems

“…Using sputter-deposition method, it was found that well-separated Pt nanoparticles would form with an average diameter of 2 nm on the arrayed CNTs while a continuous Pt thin film was observed on the bare Si substrate [63]. The average Pt particle size of 2.7 nm with a narrow particle size distribution of 3.2 AE 0.9 nm was obtained by g-irradiation technique [71]. This method was also employed to create surface functional groups on CNTs without surface oxidation treatment and the addition of a chemical reduction agent [70].…”

“…Several groups have reported the synthesis of Pt/ CNT catalysts by this electrodeposition method [57e59]. Wang et al successfully employed this method to prepare Pt/MWCNT catalysts Table 2 Pt:Ru atomic ratio and mean particle sizes of the PtRu/C electrocatalysts prepared with different water/ethylene glycol ratios (20 wt%, Pt:Ru atomic ratio 50:50, dose rate of 0.5 kGy h À1 and total dose of 12.2 kGy) (reprinted with permission from [71] [57]. In their work, the MWCNT was directly fabricated on the carbon paper through a chemical vapor deposition process (CVD).…”

“…The photographs from Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) inform that Ag, Pd, and PteRu alloy nanoparticles were dispersed with the particle sizes of about 25 nm, 0.6e1.5 nm, and 15 nm, respectively, in the aqueous dispersions [70]. The following procedure was used by Silva et al [71] to prepare PtRu/C electrocatalysts (20 wt%, Pt:Ru atomic ratio of 50:50). H 2 PtCl 6 $6H 2 O and RuCl 3 $1.5H 2 O as metal sources, were dissolved in water/ethylene glycol solutions (v/v).…”

Facile synthesis of novel Pt–Ru@PPy–MWNT electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells

“…The parameters such as alloy composition [1,2], uniformity [3], morphology [4], particle size [5], electronic state [6], etc. have been controlled to achieve the high efficiency for the catalysts.…”