“…EMFs, however, have been proposed to prevent bone loss in osteoporosis patients [Tabrah et al, , ; Garland et al, ] to treat non‐ or delayed unions or osteotomies [Bassett et al, , ; Barker et al, ; Sharrard, ; Scott and King, ; Simonis et al, ; Cheing et al, ; Faldini et al, ; Abdelrahim et al, ; Adie et al, ; Assiotis et al, ; Lazović et al, ; Shi et al, ; Refai et al, ; Hannemann et al, ; Streit et al, ], but their clinical application has been significantly hindered and delayed by our poor understanding of its underlying mechanisms and therefore by difficulties in defining consistent sets of parameters to be applied across a number of patients [Daish et al, ]. Although the literature is overall suggestive of clinical benefit, the fundamental heterogeneity in the published studies, coupled with the scarcity of high quality randomized controlled trials, has led to inconclusive evidence of their clinical effectiveness [Griffin et al, ; Hannemann et al, ; Handoll and Elliott, ; Spadaro, ].…”