Pupillary activity measured by reflected infra-red light

Cassady, J. Michael; Farley, G.R.; Weinberger, Norman M.; Kitzes, L. M.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90203-7

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Shock application should lead (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) to pupil dilation as an unconditioned response (UR). We further measured whether classical conditioning of specific tone-shock pairings led to conditioned pupil dilation (18)(19)(20)(21)(22) to CS + as a conditioned response (CR). Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phase 1 was before introduction of any shock association; phase 2 shocked half the CS + presentations but never CS − , whereas for final phase 3, assignment of CS + /CS − was abruptly reversed relative to phase 2, with our human participants being informed of this new contingency. Although our main focus was on auditory MEG responses, for completeness we concurrently measured any conditioning impacts upon pupil dilation (18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Plasticity of human auditory-evoked fields induced by shock conditioning and contingency reversal

Kluge

Bauer

Leff

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess plasticity of human auditory cortex induced by classical conditioning and contingency reversal. Participants listened to random sequences of high or low tones. A first baseline phase presented these without further associations. In phase 2, one of the frequencies (CS + ) was paired with shock on half its occurrences, whereas the other frequency (CS − ) was not. In phase 3, the contingency assigning CS + and CS − was reversed. Conditioned pupil dilation was observed in phase 2 but extinguished in phase 3. MEG revealed that, during phase-2 initial conditioning, the P1m, N1m, and P2m auditory components, measured from sensors over auditory temporal cortex, came to distinguish between CS + and CS − . After contingency reversal in phase 3, the later P2m component rapidly reversed its selectivity (unlike the pupil response) but the earlier P1m did not, whereas N1m showed some new learning but not reversal. These results confirm plasticity of human auditory responses due to classical conditioning, but go further in revealing distinct constraints on different levels of the auditory hierarchy. The later P2m component can reverse affiliation immediately in accord with an updated expectancy after contingency reversal, whereas the earlier auditory components cannot. These findings indicate distinct cognitive and emotional influences on auditory processing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of human auditory-evoked fields induced by shock conditioning and contingency reversal

Kluge

Bauer

Leff

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with emotional arousal and has been previously indicated in mothers’ response to infant cry as indexed by electrodermal measures [ 26 , 27 ]. Despite wide psychophysiological application [ 20 , 28 – 30 ], relatively few studies have used pupillometry to investigate emotional processes evoked by the perception of facial expressions [ 18 , 31 , 32 ]. Such recent studies, using adult faces as stimuli, have indicated greater pupil dilation in response to angry vs. happy or fearful facial expressions in adult participants [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The norepinephrine attentional system of the brain originating in the locus coeruleus (i.e., the LC-NE system) has been suggested to underlie emotional pupil dilation [ 20 , 37 , 38 ]. Therefore, maternal pupil dilation in response to infant negative facial expressions is likely to share some common mechanisms with emotional pupil dilation in general which is elicited by a wide range of stimuli and conditions [ 20 , 28 – 30 ]. Yet, there is evidence that effects of social signals of emotion on pupil size may reflect distinct social-cognitive processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothers’ pupillary responses to infant facial expressions

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHuman parental care relies heavily on the ability to monitor and respond to a child’s affective states. The current study examined pupil diameter as a potential physiological index of mothers’ affective response to infant facial expressions.MethodsPupillary time-series were measured from 86 mothers of young infants in response to an array of photographic infant faces falling into four emotive categories based on valence (positive vs. negative) and arousal (mild vs. strong).ResultsPupil dilation was highly sensitive to the valence of facial expressions, being larger for negative vs. positive facial expressions. A separate control experiment with luminance-matched non-face stimuli indicated that the valence effect was specific to facial expressions and cannot be explained by luminance confounds. Pupil response was not sensitive to the arousal level of facial expressions.ConclusionsThe results show the feasibility of using pupil diameter as a marker of mothers’ affective responses to ecologically valid infant stimuli and point to a particularly prompt maternal response to infant distress cues.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-017-0120-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…There were no pressure points. The left eye was fixed open and a pupillometer [6] was placed to measure task performance. Both eyes were coated with a thin layer of Terramycin eye ointment to prevent cornea1 drying.…”

Section: Data Recording Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle and long latency auditory evoked potentials in cat. I. Component definition and dependence on behavioral factors

Parley

Starr

1983

Hearing Research

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Middle (IO-50 ms) and long (50-600 ms) latency auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were investigated in artificially respired, muscle-paralyzed cats. Similarity to human potentials of comparable latencies was examined in two ways: (1) the similarity of waveform features such as peak amplitude, polarity and latency, and (2) the effects of task-related variables on these various waveform features. Four behavioral variations of a classical pupillary conditioning paradigm were used to vary attention and arousal. Twelve peaks and troughs were identified in the AEP: PIO, N13, P17. N22. P31, N41. P55, N70, NIOO. Nl40. P260 and N520. Principal components analysis (PCA) defined 7 AEP components, some of which spanned several peaks. Analysis both of peak latencies and amplitudes.and of principal component scores, revealed differential effects of the behavioral manipulations on these components: those with latencies longer than 50 ms were strongly influenced by behavioral variations, while earlier components were relatively immune to these effects. On the basis of these findings. several relationships between cat and human AEP components were suggested. Specifically, peaks PlO-P41 in the cat were thought related to human middle latency components, cat P55 to human P50. cat N 140 to human N300. and cat P260 to human P300. Cat N520 was comparable to several long latency components in humans, No obvious correspondences between cat AEP components and human N90 and PI70 were identified.

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Pupillary activity measured by reflected infra-red light

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Plasticity of human auditory-evoked fields induced by shock conditioning and contingency reversal

Plasticity of human auditory-evoked fields induced by shock conditioning and contingency reversal

Mothers’ pupillary responses to infant facial expressions

Middle and long latency auditory evoked potentials in cat. I. Component definition and dependence on behavioral factors

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