Purification of polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus by using an aqueous two-phase system and evaluation of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of polysaccharides in vitro

Current advances and potential trends of the polysaccharides derived from medicinal mushrooms sanghuang

“…Zhang et al ( 2014 ) took advantage of a flat-plate ultrasound technology to harvest a polysaccharide from the P. igniarius mycelia, and using in vitro assays indicated that the polysaccharide with a lower Mw and higher amounts of carbohydrate, uronic acid, hydroxyl groups, and monosaccharide Rha had stronger antioxidant activities. The findings were in accordance with Yuan et al ( 2018 ) and Wu Y. et al ( 2022 ) who found that the polysaccharides from the P. igniarius mycelia with lower Mw and higher contents of electrophilic groups facilitated the liberation of hydrogen from O–H bonds and motivated the higher antioxidant capacities. It was suggested that strain species, sources, and culture media and extraction, isolation, and purification methods could impose great effects on the antioxidant and anti-aging properties of sanghuang polysaccharides.…”

“…A correlation between the antioxidative potency and Mw of polysaccharides had been well-established according to the substantial research (Wang J. Q. et al, 2016;Yan et al, 2016a;Gong et al, 2020;Wu Y. et al, 2022). It is pronounced that the antioxidation and free radicals scavenging of low-Mw polysaccharides are superior to that of the polysaccharides with high Mws, on account of more active intramolecular hydrogen bonding effect of O-H and electron-donating substituents (Xing et al, 2005).…”

“…Polysaccharides, as a structurally diverse class of biological macromolecules, commonly possess the relatively higher Mws, which have been determined by viscosity measurement (Yan et al, 2016a ), osmometry (Gong et al, 2020 ), sedimentation (Ren et al, 2019 ), HPLC (Jiang et al, 2015 ), GPC (Wu et al, 2013 ), HPGPC (Zhang et al, 2018 ; Wu Y. et al, 2022 ), HPSEC (Lee S. M. et al, 2010 ), SEC-MALLS-RI (Jia et al, 2017 ; Cheng et al, 2020a ), HPSEC-MALLS-RI (Li et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2019b ), etc. Pei et al ( 2015 ) used HPGPC to estimate the average Mw of a polysaccharide prepared from the alkaline extract of the P. linteus mycelia as 3.43 × 10 5 kDa.…”

“…It is pronounced that the antioxidation and free radicals scavenging of low-Mw polysaccharides are superior to that of the polysaccharides with high Mws, on account of more active intramolecular hydrogen bonding effect of O–H and electron-donating substituents (Xing et al, 2005 ). Wu Y. et al ( 2022 ) separated a low-Mw polysaccharide from the P. linteus mycelia by using an aqueous two-phase system based on choline chloride ([Chol]Cl)/K 2 PO 4 , which owned more prominent scavenging effect for radicals when compared to the higher-Mw polysaccharide obtained using the ethanol precipitation and isolation protocols. Previous studies have also raised that several physical, chemical, or enzymatic-assisted treatments, such as ultrasound, microwave, acid, alkali, and cellulase, could be applied for degrading polysaccharides into low-Mw fragments, thereby, influencing their antioxidant abilities (Karaki et al, 2016 ; Wang J. Q. et al, 2016 ; Mirzadeh et al, 2020 ; Chen X. H. et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Subsequently, the aqueous extracts or fermentation broth of sanghuang can be subjected to ethanol precipitation with ∼95% (V/V) ethanol, in addition to fractional precipitation with various gradients of ethanol or acid precipitation with acetate acid, to isolate the crude polysaccharides mixed with proteins and pigments. Aqueous two-phase system and three-phase partitioning as alternative tools referring to the sequential mixing of organic solvent and salt with crude extracts or suspensions to reach the different dispense phases have been exploited for the efficient extraction and separation of polysaccharides as well (Chew et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019b;Wu Y. et al, 2022). Wang et al (2019a) engaged in three-phase partitioning to directly isolate a bioactive exopolysaccharide from the cultured broth of P. baumii and gave the maximal extraction yield of 52.09% under the following conditions: 20% (w/v) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentration, 1.0:1.5 (V/V) ratio of broth to t-butanol, 30 min, and 35 • C. This polysaccharide with high carbohydrate and uronic acid contents demonstrated dramatically radical-scavenging, antioxidant, αamylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory, as well as macrophagestimulating activities.…”