Push and pull factors in Tunisian internal migration: The role of human capital

Abstract

This paper examines the pull and push factors of interregional flows in Tunisia, focusing on the role of differences in human capital. Using data from the 2004 and 2014 Tunisian censuses, we estimate a gravity model augmented with proxies capturing high‐ and low‐skilled level human capital and an original nighttime light proxy for regional GPD. We consider both unemployment rate differential and road distance as multilateral resistance variables, and we add cultural and quality of life variables. We find that the macroeconomic variables are the main determinants of interregional flows. As for human capital, high skilled level acts as a pull factor while low skilled level acts as a restraining factor in the destination regions. Furthermore, non‐economic variables have a significant impact on migration flows: Tunisians leave their origin regions not only in search of job opportunities but also in search of better living conditions.

How Does Quality of Life (QOL) Affect Attractiveness of Cities and Internal Migration in Turkey?

“…Indeed, Ahmadiani & Ferreira (2019) include such variables as the QOL indicator as well. Laajimi & Le Gallo (2022) show similar results for Tunisia. Different from their study, this paper also shows that distance to high education institutions and other amenities from a city centre can be a significant factor that makes a city more attractive.…”

“…In our paper, the way of the amenities that affect the balance index in terms of the level of attractiveness is examined by using the balance index as an implicit measure of QOL. Moreover, amenities explain differences in factors such as rent, wages, and job opportunities in a place, which are major factors in internal migration (Dotti et al, 2013;Laajimi & Le Gallo, 2022). In addition to those, Ahmadiani & Ferreira (2019) show that economic factors such as GDP and unemployment rates also can be used as indicators to evaluate QOL standards.…”

Мотивы Переезда Ит-Специалистов В Калининградскую Область Из Регионов России

“…Типологически факторы можно разделить на общие и профессиональные, имеющие значимость только для отдельных категорий мигрантов. Наиболее важными общими факторами межрегиональной миграции признаются уровень оплаты труда, возможности трудоустройства, расстояние, доступность жилья [Etzo, 2011;Haberfeld et al, 2019;Igarashi, 2022;Sahota, 1968;Romano, 2016], но также общий уровень комфорта, доступность образования и здравоохранения [Laajimi, Le Gallo, 2022;Zanabazar et al, 2021], безопасная среда для детей (вдали от риска негативных влияний крупных городов), спокойная, тихая и размеренная жизнь [Boese, Moran, 2021]. По результатам исследования Елены Вакуленко и Никиты Мкртчяна [Vakulenko, Mkrtchyan, 2020], основными факторами межрегиональной миграции в России являются развитая и разнообразная инфраструктура, благоприятная экология, качество жизни, связанное с высокой продолжительностью жизни и доходами населения, менее выраженными проблемами бедности и неравенства в распределении доходов.…”

Migration processes and determinants: the case of the Slovak Republic

“…The push factors leading to high emigration rates from a country are mainly corruption (Matallah, 2020;Arif, 2022), unemployment (Baumann et al, 2015;Cimpoeru, 2020;Espinosa & Díaz-Emparanza, 2021), unstable political environment (Mourão et al, 2018;Agadjanian & Gorina, 2019;Žižka & Pelloneova, 2019;Grumstrup et al, 2021;Kang, 2021), military instability (Habchak & Dubis, 2019;Veebel, 2020), climate changes (Barassi et al, 2018;Schutte et al, 2021;Reichman, 2022), low wages and income (Fischer & Pfaffermayr, 2018;Delogu et al, 2018), low or negative economic growth (Tolmacheva, 2020;Lupak et al, 2022;Gavurová et al 2017). The pull factors leading to high immigration rates to a country are high wages and income (Laajimi & Le Gallo, 2022), low level of poverty (Hager, 2021;Urbański, 2022), high standard of living (Hager, 2021), high economic growth (Schwabe, 2021), immigration and integration policy (Beverelli, 2022), welfare (Cebolla-Boado & Miyar-Busto, 2020;Ferwerda & Gest, 2021), immigrant networks (Kaplan et al 2016;Kabir, 2021).…”