Push–Pull Electrolyte Design Strategy Enables High-Voltage Low-Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries

Abstract

Lithium (Li) metal batteries hold significant promise in elevating energy density, yet their performance at ultralow temperatures remains constrained by sluggish charge transport kinetics and the formation of unstable interphases. In conventional electrolyte systems, lithium ions are tightly locked in the solvation structure, thereby engendering difficulty in the desolvation process and further exacerbating solvent decomposition. Herein, we propose a new push−pull electrolyte design strategy, utilizing molecular electrostatic potential (ESP) screening to identify 2,2-difluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (DTF) as an optimal cosolvent. Importantly, DTF exhibits a moderate ESP minimum (−21.0 kcal mol −1 ) to strike a balance between overly strong and overly weak Li ion affinity, which allows the sulfonyl group to effectively pull Li ions without disrupting the anion-rich solvation structure. Simultaneously, the difluoromethyl group, with a high ESP maximum (37.3 kcal mol −1 ), pushes solvent molecules via competitive hydrogen bonding. This design reconstructs existing solvation structures and expedites Li ion desolvation. Furthermore, fluorinated DTF demonstrates excellent stability at elevated voltage and facilitates the formation of robust inorganic-rich interphases. Impressively, rapid charge transfer kinetics can be achieved employing designed electrolyte, and the LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811)||Li cells demonstrate excellent charge−discharge cycling stability with a high capacity exceeding 153 mAh g −1 even at −40 °C, retaining over 93% of initial capacity after 100 cycles under a 4.8 V charging cutoff. This work provides insights into the design of low-temperature electrolytes with a wide electrochemical window, advancing the development of batteries for extreme conditions.