Putative Novel Serotypes ‘33’ and ‘35’ in Clinically Healthy Small Ruminants in Mongolia Expand the Group of Atypical BTV

Ries, Christina; Sharav, Tumenjargal; Erdene-Ochir, Tseren-Ochir; Beer, Martin

doi:10.3390/v13010042

Cited by 42 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…BTV-36-CH2019 represents the first member of the putative novel atypical BTV serotype 36, further expanding the group of atypical BTV strains, whereas BTV-25-CH-2019 is highly related to BTV-25-GER20018 and TOV. Up to now, 27 serotypes have been reported [ 24 , 35 ]; however, when novel atypical BTV serotypes are considered, 35 were reported [ 3 ]. Due to the results of the intense diagnostic clarifications and most of all due to the results of the experimental inoculation of goats, it is very unlikely that BTV-36-CH2019 was the causative agent of the clinical signs observed in the field-infected goats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two remaining goats (#18, #19) were kept as control goats for horizontal transmission in the same enclosure with direct contact. All seven goats were kept until 46 dpi and monitored daily for clinical signs with the previously described clinical score [ 3 ]. EDTA blood and serum samples, as well as nasal, ocular, oral and rectal swabs were taken regularly on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post infection (dpi) of all goats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all other segments, BTV-36-CH2019 matches with the Swiss BTV-25-TOV strain and the French atypical serotype 27. For the atypical BTV strains, "serotyping" based on molecular data with defined criteria and therefore classification into "putative novel serotypes" is a practical solution [3,23]. Minimum levels of Seg-2/VP2 sequence identities for members of the same serotype were defined as 68.4% (nt)/72.6% (aa) [23].…”

Section: Sequence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a constantly growing number of atypical serotypes with different viral characteristics which are genetically distinct from the 24 classical serotypes. Difficulties in the proper serotyping of these novel atypical strains allowed for their classification on the molecular level as ‘putative novel (atypical) serotypes’ only [ 3 ]. The classical serotypes 1-24 are listed as notifiable disease by the OIE, whereas the novel atypical serotypes do not need to be controlled [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Putative Novel Atypical BTV Serotype ‘36’ Identified in Small Ruminants in Switzerland

Ries

Vögtlin

Hüssy

et al. 2021

Viruses

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We identified a putative novel atypical BTV serotype ‘36’ in Swiss goat flocks. In the initial flock clinical signs consisting of multifocal purulent dermatitis, facial oedema and fever were observed. Following BTV detection by RT-qPCR, serotyping identified BTV-25 and also a putative novel BTV serotype in several of the affected goats. We successfully propagated the so-called “BTV-36-CH2019” strain in cell culture, developed a specific RT-qPCR targeting Segment 2, and generated the full genome by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, we experimentally infected goats with BTV-36-CH2019. Regularly, EDTA blood, serum and diverse swab samples were collected. Throughout the experiment, neither fever nor clinical disease was observed in any of the inoculated goats. Four goats developed BTV viremia, whereas one inoculated goat and the two contact animals remained negative. No viral RNA was detected in the swab samples collected from nose, mouth, eye, and rectum, and thus the experimental infection of goats using this novel BTV serotype delivered no indications for any clinical symptoms or vector-free virus transmission pathways. The subclinical infection of the four goats is in accordance with the reports for other atypical BTVs. However, the clinical signs of the initial goat flock did most likely not result from infection with the novel BTV-36-CH0219.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sequence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Putative Novel Atypical BTV Serotype ‘36’ Identified in Small Ruminants in Switzerland

Ries

Vögtlin

Hüssy

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…In contrast, BTV serotypes 25-27 are not pathogenic, cannot be propagated in midge cells and are spread by in-contact transmission [12][13][14]. Recently discovered serotypes 28 and 29 are still less-studied [8,15], and the number of serotypes is still being counted [16,17]. Outbreaks of BTV1-24 can lead to large economic damage by diseased sheep and trade losses and movement restrictions for all kind of ruminants, including cattle [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA

Rijn

Maris-Veldhuis

Gennip

2021

Viruses

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The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.

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Risk‐based serological survey of bluetongue and the first evidence of bluetongue virus serotype 26 circulation in Tunisia

Kalthoum

Sghaier²,

Hassine

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background Bluetongue (BT), a vector‐borne disease of wild and domestic ruminants, is responsible for severe economic losses in flocks. To reduce this impact, a surveillance and control plan was implemented in Tunisia. However, the epidemiological situation of BT remains incompletely understood, especially for the circulating serotypes. Objective The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence, to identify the circulating serotypes and to identify the associated risk factors for bluetongue virus (BTV) circulation in Tunisia using risk‐based sampling (RBS). Methods A total of 3314 blood samples were randomly collected from 67 sectors using risk‐based sampling and screened by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (c‐ELISAs). Out of the 1330 positive samples, 200 samples were analysed by serum neutralization test (SNT) to identify circulating BTV serotypes. Results Of 3314 sera, 1330 were c‐ELISA‐positive (40.1%) for antibodies against the BTV structural protein VP7. The result of SNT showed the presence of BTV‐1, BTV‐2, BTV‐3, BTV‐4 and, for the first time in Tunisia, BTV‐26. The logistic regression model revealed that older animals had nearly two times the odds of being infected with BTV compared to younger animals. Flocks with a history of BT were almost 1.5 times more likely to be at risk for contracting BTV infection. The flock size, housing indoors and intensive production system were significant protective factors. Conclusions High seroprevalence of BTV among sheep was highlighted in Tunisia. The neutralization test showed the presence of the following BTV serotypes: BTV‐1, BTV‐2, BTV‐3, BTV‐4 and, for the first time in Tunisia, BTV‐26. Age, production system and flock size were important variables associated with BTV infection in sheep. This finding is crucial, as it will allow the adjustment of the BT control programme in Tunisia.

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Putative Novel Serotypes ‘33’ and ‘35’ in Clinically Healthy Small Ruminants in Mongolia Expand the Group of Atypical BTV

Cited by 42 publications

References 44 publications

Putative Novel Atypical BTV Serotype ‘36’ Identified in Small Ruminants in Switzerland

Putative Novel Atypical BTV Serotype ‘36’ Identified in Small Ruminants in Switzerland

The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA

Risk‐based serological survey of bluetongue and the first evidence of bluetongue virus serotype 26 circulation in Tunisia

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