1. Introduction. -Etiology of Nucleic Acids. In the words of Albert Eschenmoser, initiator and spiritus rector of this research project carried out at ETH Zürich and at The Scripps Research Institute (USA) over the last two decades, the goal was to explore the potential of organic chemistry to arrive at an understanding of how and why Nature came to choose the specific structure type of the nucleic acids we know today as the molecular basis of genetic function. The specific property to be compared in this work is a given nucleic acid alternatives capacity for informational Watson -Crick nucleobase pairing, the overall criterion for the selection for study of a given system being a structures potential for constitutional self-assembly as compared to that envisaged for the structure of the natural system itself [1]. Initially, and for the majority of actually synthesized and investigated structures, this latter selection criterion was restricted further by concentrating on alternative nucleic acids in which only the sugar units were varied within the basic architecture of the natural nucleic acids, namely a backbone of (cyclic) sugar units linked by phosphodiester bonds and carrying the canonical nucleobases at C(1') of the sugar (Fig. 1). Therefore, the experimental exploration concentrated on nucleic acids with alternative sugar units that were considered as potentially natural in the sense that they should be derivable from an alternative aldose by the same type of chemistry that allows us to derive the structure of RNA from ribose [1]. This self-restraint to chemically and structurally close relatives of RNA narrowed down the structural space to be explored dramatically and allowed avoiding the speculative question of how an alternative informational biopolymer consisting of building blocks that are structurally much more distant from those of RNA might have self-assembled.Since the aim was to select building blocks that would allow formation of informational pairing systems based on Watson -Crick base pairs, linear or helical translational symmetry of the backbone units along each single strand was required for the conformation in the duplex (pairing conformation). The strategy for finding alternate pairing systems was, therefore, identification of sugar-phosphodiester partial structures that would prefer backbone conformations satisfying this symmetry requirement already in the single strand. Such a preorganization of the single strand in the pairing conformation not only leads to a relatively strain-free duplex (lowering the