Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens

Abstract

BACKGROUND Human cadavers are an essential component of anatomy education. However, access to cadaveric specimens and laboratory facilities is limited in most parts of the world. Hence, new innovative approaches and accessible technologies are much needed to enhance anatomy training. OBJECTIVE To provide a practical method for 3-dimensional (3D) visualization of cadaveric specimens to maximize the utility of these precious educational materials. METHODS Embalmed cadaveric specimens (cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum) were used. The 3D models of cadaveric specimens were built by merging multiple 2-dimensional photographs. Pictures were taken with standard mobile devices (smartphone and tablet). A photogrammetry program (Qlone®, 2017-2020, EyeCue Vision Technologies Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), an all-in-one 3D scanning and augmented reality technology, was then used to convert the images into an integrated 3D model. RESULTS High-resolution 360-degree 3D models of the cadaveric specimens were obtained. These models could be rotated and moved freely on different planes, and viewed from different angles with varying magnifications. Advanced editing options and the possibility for export to virtual- or augmented-reality simulation allowed for better visualization. CONCLUSION This inexpensive, simple, and accessible method for creating 360-degree 3D cadaveric models can enhance training in neuroanatomy and allow for a highly realistic surgical simulation environment for neurosurgeons worldwide.

Development and Validation of a Novel Methodological Pipeline to Integrate Neuroimaging and Photogrammetry for Immersive 3D Cadaveric Neurosurgical Simulation

“…A possible solution to this limitation is to incorporate photogrammetry into building the models. Photogrammetry creates 3D representations using multiple 2D photographs of an object and has long been used in anatomy to bring 3D perception to 2D photographs or to create virtual 3D representations of anatomical specimens ( 1 , 5 , 10 , 36 – 38 ). De Benedictis et al ( 36 ) reported quantitative validation of photogrammetry for the study of white matter connectivity of the human brain.…”

“…De Benedictis et al ( 36 ) reported quantitative validation of photogrammetry for the study of white matter connectivity of the human brain. Although their study used a relatively sophisticated setup, our group recently showed the applicability of a freely available 360° photogrammetry tool for neuroanatomy studies ( 1 ). In addition, Roh et al ( 5 ) also incorporated photogrammetry into a virtual 3D environment to create realistic texture details of cadaveric brain specimens, but their study lacked quantitative validity.…”

“…However, the advent of new technology that enables 3D rendering of neuroimaging has allowed the development of 3D virtual models that can be used to augment neurosurgical education. Such tools have been shown to improve performance and have become a complementary part of neurosurgical education when access to cadaveric specimens is restricted and will likely achieve more integration and impact upon neurosurgical training ( 1 – 4 ).…”

“…Photogrammetry is a technique in which 2D photographs of an object are taken at varying angles (up to 360°) and then overlaid using computer software to generate a 3D reconstruction ( 10 ). In a previous study ( 1 ), a 3D model of a real cadaveric brain specimen was created using photogrammetry and 360° spanning. Although this technique is very practical and useful, it is limited to objects that can be scanned in 360°.…”

Three-Dimensional Immersive Photorealistic Layered Dissection of Superficial and Deep Back Muscles: Anatomical Study

“…In our study, we have implemented a well-known methodology such as photogrammetry used primarily in geography [ 4 , 5 ] or archeology [ 6 ] for the generation of authentic, cadaver-based, 3D models of layered dissection of the back muscles. So far, there are relatively few studies examining the use of photogrammetry in neurosurgery, mainly in skull base surgery, brain 3D models, and cadaver dissections [ 15 - 17 ]. Yet, the benefits of this technology are clearly visible: the possibility to create a very accurate dissection-based 3D model that can be rotated from every possible angle, magnified, and with each important anatomical structure indicated and referenced.…”