Quadrature amplitude modulation frequency up- and down-conversions using a positive-intrinsic-negative photodiode sampling mixer

Abstract

. Simulation and experimental performance analysis of a positive-intrinsic-negative photodiode (PIN-PD) sampling mixer used as frequency up and down-converters are presented. Besides, a frequency mixing with a PIN-PD can operate in a frequency range up to 47.3 GHz for up-conversion and 38.5 GHz for down-conversion. The design and operating regime peculiarities of a PIN-PD as an up and down-converter in a radio over fiber (RoF) system are also discussed. The conversion gain of a PIN-PD sampling mixer is simulated and measured. We showed that the gain may decrease from 27 dB at a mixing frequency of 8.3 GHz to 3 dB at the one with 47.3 GHz in an up-conversion mode and from 26.5 dB at 31.7 GHz to 7 dB at 38.5 GHz in a down-conversion mode, when the PIN-PD bias voltage was 0 V. The conversion gain degrades with the decrease of the bias voltage from 0 to −5 V. Error vector magnitudes (EVMs) of the quadratic amplitude modulation (M-QAM) up and down-converted signals are investigated. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) data at bit rates between 312.5 Mbit / s and 5 Gbit / s are frequency-converted. The EVM is used a performance index to assess the mixing system. Exploitable EVMs in the range of 15% up to 34.9% are reached for up-conversion of the mixing frequency. For down-conversion, the EVM varies from 20% to 34.9% at 5 Gbit / s over the whole frequency range. The EVM of mixed signals is improved with 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulations.

Characteristics Analysis of Hybrid Optical Amplifier with Doped Fiber Variations for Fiber Optic Communications Network

“…The last part is the receiver, which consists of a Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) detector to detect and convert incoming optical signals into electrical signals. The PIN detector can detect various wavelengths [25] from 3R (reshaped, re-timed, and re-amplified) generators that amplify optical signals over long distances [26]. Then, the data received by the 3R is forwarded to the Bit Error Rate (BER) analyzer, which measures the bit error rate in digital communication systems [27].…”

Establishment of an Electro-Optical Mixing Design on a Photonic SOA-MZI Using a Differential Modulation Arrangement

“…Photonic mixers can also perform essential logic gate operations in addition to mixing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. These optical mixers include Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with good performance characterizations [5,17], electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) with the cross-absorption modulation (XAM) effect [18,19] used for mixing, Photodiodes (PDs), particularly uni-traveling carrier PDs (UTC-PDs) [20,21], and positive-intrinsic-negative PD (PIN-PD) [22], which are used for frequency mixing due to their nonlinear current response, semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) reliant on the four-wave mixing (FWM) [23,24] and the cross gain modulation (XGM) [25,26] impacts, and SOA-Mach Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) dependent on the cross-phase modulation (XPM) [27][28][29][30][31] effect.…”

SOA-MZI Differential Transformation Approach Applied on Simultaneous Electro-Optical Mixing

“…Additionally, sampling optical mixers can be used to achieve logic gate operations, which are just as significant as optical mixing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. To achieve Photonics 2023, 10, 649 2 of 19 frequency conversion, various technologies can be used, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) that achieve excellent performance [5,17], electro-absorption modulators (EAM) employing the cross-absorption modulation (XAM) [18,19] used for optical and electro-optical mixing processes, and many types of photodiodes (PDs) including unitraveling carrier PDs (UTC-PDs) [20,21] and positive-intrinsic-negative PDs (PIN-PDs) [22] occupied for frequency mixing as a consequence of the contribution of their nonlinear photocurrent response and reverse voltage. More technologies are also achieved based on the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) predicated on nonlinear behaviors inclusive of the four-wave mixing (FWM) [23,24] and the cross-gain modulation (XGM) [25,26] impacts, and the SOA-Mach Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) established on the cross-phase modulation (XPM) [27][28][29][30][31] leverage.…”