Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Wound Healing Processes in the Coelenterate,Plexaurella fusifera:Spatial, Temporal, and Environmental (Light Attenuation) Influences

Meszaros, Adriana; Bigger, Charles H.

doi:10.1006/jipa.1999.4851

Cited by 69 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…acquisition of energy from phyto-and zooplankton; Ribes et al 1998) since closed-system tanks were not amended with plankton during the experiment. The increase in zooxanthellae may also have been in response to wounding as zooxanthellae densities have been shown to peak at wound sites on a related gorgonian coral 7 d post-injury (Meszaros & Bigger 1999). If so, this suggests an important role of temperature in regulating wound healing in gorgonian corals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature affects coral disease resistance and pathogen growth

Ward¹,

Kim²,

Harvell³

2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

138

101

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Temperature anomalies on coral reefs now routinely exceed coral stress thresholds, making temperature a critical variable to consider in coral host -pathogen systems. While temperature is widely hypothesized to drive coral disease outbreaks by decreasing coral resistance and increasing pathogen growth rates, tests of the temperature hypothesis are rare. Here we report evidence from the sea fan coral Gorgonia ventalina -Aspergillus host -pathogen system that temperature stress increases one component of sea fan resistance. Experimentally infecting sea fan fragments while increasing temperatures to reflect summertime highs in the Florida Keys, USA, caused a 176% increase in activity of host-derived antifungal compounds. Thus, temperature stress and infection induce higher levels of resistance. However, pathogen growth rate also increases over the same temperature range, providing an opportunity for pathogen establishment before host resistance is maximal. This dual effect of temperature emphasizes the need to test intact host -pathogen systems. Given predictions for future warming events, aspergillosis is predicted to continue causing sea fan mortality in the Caribbean Sea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature affects coral disease resistance and pathogen growth

Ward¹,

Kim²,

Harvell³

2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

138

101

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“…sediment, pathogens) from self. Cellular defenses documented for scleractinian and gorgonian corals include: (1) wound healing , Meszaros & Bigger 1999, (2) phagocytosis (Bayne 1990, Sinderman 1990, Peters 1997, and (3) immunological memory (Theodor 1970, 1977a, 1980a, Raison et al 1976, Johnston et al 1981, Bak & Criens 1982, Neigel & Avise 1983.…”

Section: Coral Cellular Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coelenterate invertebrates, including scleractinian and gorgonian corals, have the ability to repair wounds, i.e. regenerate lost tissue (Patterson & Landolt 1979, Meszaros & Bigger 1999. Wound healing in coelenterates is carried out by mobile phagocytic cells, termed amoebocytes, that migrate from uninjured tissue, accumulate at the site of injury, and arrange into interconnected cell cords that form the healing front (Patterson & Landolt 1979, Meszaros & Bigger 1999.…”

Section: Coral Cellular Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…regenerate lost tissue (Patterson & Landolt 1979, Meszaros & Bigger 1999. Wound healing in coelenterates is carried out by mobile phagocytic cells, termed amoebocytes, that migrate from uninjured tissue, accumulate at the site of injury, and arrange into interconnected cell cords that form the healing front (Patterson & Landolt 1979, Meszaros & Bigger 1999. Amoebocytes also function to recognize, engulf, and destroy microbial invaders through phagocytosis , Bayne 1990, Sinderman 1990, Meszaros & Bigger 1999.…”

Section: Coral Cellular Defensesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Sutherland¹,

Porter²,

Torres³

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

499

509

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Since the mid-1990s, coral diseases have increased in number, species affected, and geographic extent. To date, 18 coral diseases, affecting at least 150 scleractinian, gorgonian, and hydrozoan zooxanthellate species, have been described from the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific. These diseases are associated with pathogens including bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists and with abiotic stressors including elevated seawater temperature, sedimentation, eutrophication, and pollution. Etiologies of only 5 of the 18 coral diseases have been determined through fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Corals and other invertebrates utilize innate immune mechanisms including physiochemical barriers and cellular and humoral defenses against pathogens. Here we review the described coral diseases, known etiologies, and efforts to determine unknown etiologies. We define disease terms, discuss the limitations of Koch's postulates, describe alternative techniques for identifying disease-causing organisms, and review coral immunology.

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“…Although wound-healing observations have been made for a variety of anthozoans [17][18][19], transglutaminase activity has not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme activity demonstrates multiple pathways of innate immunity in Indo-Pacific anthozoans

2012

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Coral reefs are threatened by increasing levels of coral disease and the functional loss of obligate algal symbionts (bleaching). Levels of immunity relate directly to susceptibility to these threats; however, our understanding of fundamental aspects of coral immunology is lacking. We show that three melanin-synthesis pathway components (mono-phenoloxidase, ortho-diphenoloxidase (tyrosinase-type pathway) and paradiphenoloxidase (laccase-type pathway)) are present in both their active (phenoloxidase, PO) and inactive (prophenoloxidase, PPO) forms across a diverse range of 22 species of healthy Indo-Pacific anthozoans. We also demonstrate transglutaminase activity of the coagulation cascade for, to our knowledge, the first time in a coral. Melanin-synthesis enzyme activities varied among taxa, although they were generally lowest in the coral family Acroporidae and highest in the Poritidae and Oculinidae. Inactive tyrosinasetype activity (PPO) and active laccase-type activity (PO) correlate with taxonomic patterns in disease resistance, whereas the converse pattern in activity levels correlates with bleaching resistance. Overall, we demonstrate the presence of several melanin-synthesis pathways in Indo-Pacific corals, co-regulation among some pathway components, and highlight their potential roles in coral health.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Study of Wound Healing Processes in the Coelenterate,Plexaurella fusifera:Spatial, Temporal, and Environmental (Light Attenuation) Influences

Cited by 69 publications

References 16 publications

Temperature affects coral disease resistance and pathogen growth

Temperature affects coral disease resistance and pathogen growth

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Enzyme activity demonstrates multiple pathways of innate immunity in Indo-Pacific anthozoans

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