Quality Control and Authentication of Black Betel Leaf Extract (Piper acre Blume) from East Kalimantan as an Antimicrobial Agent Using a Combination of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemometric Fourier Transform Infrared

Abstract

Black betel leaf from East Kalimantan contains various secondary metabolites such as alkaloid saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. A compound, piperenamide A, which has antimicrobial activity, is also found in black betel leaf. This study aims to identify and authenticate the compound piperenamide A found in black betel leaf extract in other types of betel plant using HPLC and FTIR-chemometrics. The extraction method used was maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Determination of piperenamide A content in black betel leaf extract was via HPLC column C18, with a maximum wavelength of 259 nm and a mobile phase of water:acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute. From the results, piperenamide A was only found in black betel (Piper acre) and not in Piper betel and Piper crocatum. Piperenamide A levels obtained were 4.03, 6.84, 5.35, 13.85, and 2.15%, respectively, in the samples studied. The combination of FTIR spectra with chemometric methods such as PCA and PLS-DA was used to distinguish the three types of betel. Discriminant analysis can classify black betel (Piper acre), Piper betel, and Piper crocatum according to its type. These methods can be used for identification and authentication of black betel.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation, Chemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott

“…Saponins are glycosides and have many therapeutic activities including diuretic, ant-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and many other biological activities [49]. The functional groups observed in the FTIR analysis of B. indica further confirmed the phytochemical results, and this test can be used to control the quality and standardization of the plant material, as conducted in previously reported studies [50]. 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester were the most abundant compounds observed in the GC-MS analysis of the n-butanol fraction, and their presence has also been reported in many other medicinal plants with antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [51][52][53].…”