Quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix and processed products based on the analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector

Abstract

Introduction Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an edible food and traditional Chinese herb medicine that is widely used in China and Southeast Asia. Saccharides, including fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) and polysaccharides, are among the most important active substances in CR. However, a quality evaluation of CR based on oligosaccharides has not been conducted. Objective This study aimed to establish a high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector method (HPLC‐CAD) for the quality evaluation of CR and processed products based on analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. Method A sensitive and rapid HPLC‐CAD method for the simultaneous determination of two monosaccharides (D‐fructose and D‐glucose), sucrose, and FOS (GF2–GF6) was established to evaluate the quality of CR for the first time. In the present study, 65 batches of CR from three species of the genus Codonopsis were analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Furthermore, the effects of cultivation management measures (plant growth retardants supply, harvesting time, and growth period) and primary process (drying methods) in the production areas on the target compounds were studied by analysing 34 batches of processed samples. Results Different varieties of CR resulted in considerably different saccharide contents. Cultivation management measures and processing method remarkably affected the quality of CR. Low concentration of plant growth retardants was recommended. The best harvest time is in October after 4 years of growth. Dryer‐drying was suggested to meet the requirement for large‐scale processing. Conclusion This method would provide an efficient analytical tool for monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of CR and contribute to the improvement of CR quality.

A review of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, analysis method and quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of codonopsis radix

“…The mobile phase, however, is mostly toxic organic reagent, which will pollute the environment. There are also scholars who evaluate the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix and processed products based on the analysis of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector, the method is independent of the optical or structural characteristics of the sample and is responsive to samples that do not contain chromophoric groups ( Xie et al, 2022 ). With the enhancement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, supercritical fluid chromatography (UPC 2 ) has come into the view of the majority of scholars.…”

Codonopsis radix: a review of resource utilisation, postharvest processing, quality assessment, and its polysaccharide composition

“…The CAD and ELSD, as complementary to the UV detector, offer advantages in sensitivity and specificity and can be employed for the detection of metabolites lacking UV chromophores ( Magnusson et al, 2015 ). Some scholars have utilized the CAD and evaporative light scattering detector ELSD to determine the content of D-fructose, glucose, sucrose, and atractylenolide III in Codonopsis radix to assess its quality ( Li et al, 2005 ; Xie et al, 2022 ). Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have also been utilized ( Li et al, 2009 ; Luo et al, 2017 ; An et al, 2018 ).…”

Characterization of chemical composition variations in raw and processed Codonopsis Radix by integrating metabolomics and glycomics based on multiple chromatography‐mass spectrometry technology

“…Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides analysis were an Agilent 1260 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, USA) equipped with an ELSD 6000 (Alltech Technologies Ltd., Canada) [29]. The ELSD parameters were: drift tube temperature at 100 • C; nebulizer gas (N 2 ) flow rate at 2.3 L/min; and gain at 2.…”