“…spiritual transcendence such as selfless social responsibility in Confucianism) was added (Lo et al, 2016), specific examples such as ‘Chinese god’, ‘Buddha’, ‘bodhisattva’ and ‘ancestor’ were added (Cheng et al, 2018; Du et al, 2022; Zhao et al, 2019), and the term was paraphrased as ‘heaven or deities’ (Tao et al, 2022). For religious activities, some religious terms were replaced with culturally appropriate concepts such as from ‘scripture reading’ to ‘positive reading’ (Cheng et al, 2018; Du et al, 2022; Guo et al, 2022; Li et al, 2017; Xie et al, 2019), ‘prayer’ was supplemented with terms ‘chanting’, ‘worshipping deities’, ‘burning incense’ and ‘offering tribute’ (Tao et al, 2022), specific examples such as ‘chanting scriptures’, ‘praying’, ‘morning ceremony’ were added (Guo et al, 2022; Li et al, 2022; Xie et al, 2019), and ‘sacrament’, ‘mass’, and other rituals not commonly performed by Chinese people were removed (Cheng et al, 2018; Du et al, 2022). As for the term ‘spirituality’, which is unfamiliar to many Chinese, the phrase ‘writing about my spirituality’ was modified to ‘writing down the spiritual world in my brain’, and specific examples of spiritual resources such as ‘temple’, ‘church’ or ‘other religious sites’ were added (Guo et al, 2022; Li et al, 2017; Xie et al, 2019).…”