Quality, safety and efficacy profiling of ginseng adventitious roots produced in vitro

Abstract

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Family Araliaceae) is one of the major medicinal and nutraceutical plants, which is native to oriental region. It is used worldwide as a popular herbal medicine because of its pharmacological effects like anti-oxidative, anti aging, anti-cancer, adaptogenic, and other health-improving activities. Chief components of ginseng identified till date are ginsenosides, a group of saponins with triterpenoid structure. Ginseng is cultivated under controlled conditions, and for harvesting of fully grown roots of the plant, the cultivation takes long duration of about 5-7 years and cultivated ginseng roots are inferior in quality and ginsenoside content. Wild Mountain ginseng is superior in quality and ginsenoside content but is scarce in nature. Therefore, for obtaining the useful compounds of this plant at commercial scale, cell and organ cultures especially adventitious roots have been established by using superior clones of wild mountain ginseng, ginseng biomass is produced by applying large scale bioreactors. In this paper, an effort has been made to shed light on the scientific literature and to decipher the evidences for quality, safety, and efficacy of ginseng adventitious roots produced from in vitro cultures.

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

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Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress‐ and aging‐related diseases

“…Importantly, the term adaptogen is related to a physiological process—adaptation to environmental challenges, which is a multistep process including diverse mechanisms of extracellular and intracellular interactions. The renewed definition of adaptogens 16,17 is supported by the results of recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of action of adaptogens in a variety of regulatory systems from the cellular to entire organism levels 11,16–63 …”

Ectopic Expression of Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (PAP1) Improves the Antioxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Hairy Roots

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