Quantification of Iodine Supply: Representative Data on Intake and Urinary Excretion of Iodine from the German Population in 1996

Manz, Friedrich; Bøhmer, Thomas; Gärtner, Roland; Großklaus, R.; Klett, M; Schneider, Roland

doi:10.1159/000063083

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Moreover, the statistical bias in large cohorts (. 500 probands) is lower when using mean values than median values as mean values better describe metric variables than the median values (25,26). Multivariable comparisons between the groups were performed with ANOVA (endpoints thyroid volume and urinary I 2 excretion).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of thiocyanate in the etiology of goiter in an industrial metropolitan area

Brauer¹,

Below²,

Krämer³

et al. 2006

eur j endocrinol

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Objective: Thiocyanate (SCN 2 ) has concentration dependent antithyroid properties and a role in the etiology of goiter has been suggested in several studies. In 1991 an epidemiological survey conducted in the region of Halle/Leipzig (Saxony), an area with significant air pollution, suggested an inverse relationship between urinary iodine (I 2 ) /SCN 2 excretion and goiter prevalence. 10 years later, we reinvestigated the same industrial area to clarify if the situation has changed after the elimination of most industrial waste products and moreover, if SCN 2 excretion levels alone or in combination with air pollution or smoking as a SCN 2 source are critical for thyroid function. Design and methods: We investigated a cohort of 708 probands for I 2 , SCN 2 and creatinine excretion in spot urine samples and determined the prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules by high resolution ultrasonography. Results: Probands with goiter (n ¼ 79, 11%) had significantly higher urinary SCN 2 excretions than probands without (3.9^2.8 vs 3.1^3.4 mg SCN 2 /g creatinine) and significantly lower urinary I 2 /SCN 2 ratios than patients without thyroid disorders (41^38 vs 61^71 mg I 2 /mg SCN 2 /l). Mean urinary I 2 excretions were not different between probands with or without goiter. Smokers showed significantly elevated urinary SCN 2 /creatinine ratios in comparison to non-smokers (4.3^4.3 vs 2.4^2.1 mg SCN 2 /g creatinine). ANOVA revealed a prediction of thyroid volume through age (P , 0.001), gender (P , 0.001), body weight (P , 0.05) and smoking (P , 0.05). Conclusions: In our investigation, age, gender and smoking (raising SCN 2 levels by CN 2 inhalation) were predictive for thyroid volume and the urinary I 2 /SCN 2 ratios were able to detect probands with an increased risk of developing goiter in contrast to urinary I 2 excretion levels alone. These data suggest, that in an era and area of decreased cyanide pollution, SCN 2 may remain a cofactor in the multifactorial aetiology of goiter.European Journal of Endocrinology 154 229-235

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The role of thiocyanate in the etiology of goiter in an industrial metropolitan area

Brauer¹,

Below²,

Krämer³

et al. 2006

eur j endocrinol

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“…The daily intake of iodine has been calculated in several studies in The Netherlands and found to be in the range of 85 -293 mg 34 . The mean intake of iodine is calculated to be approximately 340 mg day 21 in Finland 31 and 119 mg day 21 in Germany 35 . In the UK the daily iodine intake was found to be in the range of 166-277 mg in studies carried out from 1985 to 1997 36 -38 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The iodine content of Norwegian foods and diets

Dahl¹,

Johansson

Julshamn³

et al. 2004

Public Health Nutr.

135

127

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Objectives: To examine dietary iodine sources and to estimate the dietary iodine intake of the Norwegian population. Design: Food iodine analyses carried out in Norway during the last 10 years were compiled, and iodine intake calculated on the basis of food intake data from nationwide dietary surveys among children and adults. The food intake of adults was measured by a self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire, which covered habitual diet during the past year. The food intake of children was measured by dietary record during four consecutive days. Setting: Neither household nor industrial iodisation of salt is mandatory in Norway, but some brands of table salt have 5 mg of iodine added per gram of NaCl. In spite of this, the population has been considered iodine-replete for decades, i.e. having an iodine intake well above the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 150 mg day 21. This assumption has not been substantiated by dietary surveys. Subjects: The adults included 1374 females and 1298 males aged 16 -79 years. The children included 185 girls and 206 boys aged 4 years, 411 girls and 404 boys aged 9 years, and 517 girls and 492 boys aged 13 years. Results: The calculated iodine intake was in the range of 100-250 mg day 21 in the majority of the adult population. The mean iodine intake was 136 mg day 21(170 mg I/10 MJ) among women and 176 mg day 21 (161 mg I/10 MJ) among men. For children the iodine intake was in the range of 100-120 mg day 21. Milk and dairy products contributed approximately 55% and 70% of the dietary iodine intake in adults and children, respectively. Fish contributed more than 20% of the iodine intake in adults and about 10% in children. The iodine contribution of drinking water was negligible. Conclusions: While fish has the highest natural concentration of iodine and as such is an excellent iodine source, milk and diary products are the main determinants of iodine intake in the Norwegian population. Iodisation of cow fodder has been mandatory in Norway since 1950 and provides an efficient alternative to universal salt iodisation. Our results show that the dietary iodine intake of adults is in the range considered to be sufficient. The dietary intake of iodine was at recommended levels among the youngest children; however, it decreased among adolescents, especially among girls.

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“…Two studies detected a circadian rhythm in UI concentrations [2,29], whereas two others did not [1,28]. In one study [30], a significant circadian rhythm of ICR was found, with the highest excretion in the late afternoon – 25.8% more than between 7 and 10 a.m. – indicating a dependence of ICR on lunch. Rasmussen et al [1] suggested avoiding non-fasting samples in the morning since UI excretion concentrations seemed to be lowest then.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High (but Not Low) Urinary Iodine Excretion Is Predicted by Iodine Excretion Levels from Five Years Ago

Ittermann¹,

Nautsch²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2011

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background: It has not been investigated whether there are associations between urinary iodine (UI) excretion measurements some years apart, nor whether such an association remains after adjustment for nutritional habits. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between iodine-creatinine ratio (ICR) at two measuring points 5 years apart. Methods: Data from 2,659 individuals from the Study of Health in Pomerania were analyzed. Analysis of covariance and Poisson regressions were used to associate baseline with follow-up ICR. Results: Baseline ICR was associated with follow-up ICR. Particularly, baseline ICR >300 µg/g was related to an ICR >300 µg/g at follow-up (relative risk, RR: 2.20; p < 0.001). The association was stronger in males (RR: 2.64; p < 0.001) than in females (RR: 1.64; p = 0.007). In contrast, baseline ICR <100 µg/g was only associated with an ICR <100 µg/g at follow-up in males when considering unadjusted ICR. Conclusions: We detected only a weak correlation with respect to low ICR. Studies assessing iodine status in a population should take into account that an individual with a low UI excretion in one measurement is not necessarily permanently iodine deficient. On the other hand, current high ICR could have been predicted by high ICR 5 years ago.

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Quantification of Iodine Supply: Representative Data on Intake and Urinary Excretion of Iodine from the German Population in 1996

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

The role of thiocyanate in the etiology of goiter in an industrial metropolitan area

The role of thiocyanate in the etiology of goiter in an industrial metropolitan area

The iodine content of Norwegian foods and diets

High (but Not Low) Urinary Iodine Excretion Is Predicted by Iodine Excretion Levels from Five Years Ago

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