Quantification of plasma and egg 4,4′‐dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) residues for the efficient development of a nicarbazin‐based contraceptive for pest waterfowl

Johnston, John J.; Britton, W. M.; Macdonald, Alexander; Primus, Thomas M.; Goodal, Margaret J; Yoder, Christi A.; Miller, Lowell A.; Fagerstone, Kathleen A.

doi:10.1002/ps.439

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…We attribute this, in part, to the varying periods (31-49 days) that the birds were exposed to the treated bait. In other birds, plasma DNC levels do not stay constant during periods of exposure to NCZ, and we would expect the same type of response here (Primus et al 2001;Johnston et al 2002;Yoder et al 2006b). The lack of a strong relationship between nestling productivity and female plasma DNC could be related to the timing of our blood sampling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Throughout the study, Kaytee high-calcium pigeon grit was provided ad libitum. Blood samples and unhatched eggs collected throughout the study were sent to the National Wildlife Research Center in Ft Collins, CO, where concentrations of DNC were determined (Johnston et al 2002). DNC is the bioactive constituent of NCZ and serves as a marker for assessing exposure to NCZ (Primus et al 2001).…”

Section: Test Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)

Avery¹,

Keacher²,

Tillman³

2008

Wildl. Res.

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Abstract. Development of effective methods for reducing populations of overabundant nuisance bird species continues to challenge wildlife biologists. Reproductive inhibition, although conceptually pleasing, has been difficult to implement because of the lack of a safe, approved avian contraceptive. Recently, however, nicarbazin received regulatory approval in the United States for use as a bait to decrease hatchability of resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and feral pigeon (Columba livia) eggs. In anticipation of the feral pigeon registration, we evaluated efficacy by exposing captive pairs of nesting pigeons to nicarbazin bait for 4 h daily. Egg production was unaffected, but only 9 of 22 eggs hatched, a 59% reduction from pre-treatment when each of the 11 test pairs produced 2 nestlings. In the recovery phase, when treated bait was removed, the 11 pairs produced 18 nestlings. All nestlings produced during the study appeared healthy and normal, and there was no mortality among the adult pairs. Nicarbazin is an effective and safe means of reducing hatchability of feral pigeon eggs that can be used within an integrated management plan to reduce feral pigeon populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Test Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)

Avery¹,

Keacher²,

Tillman³

2008

Wildl. Res.

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“…DNC residues in plasma and eggs extracted with acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide, after minimal clean-up, were analysed by HPLC with UV detection at 347nm (Johnston et al, 2001). A very similar method was later used on eggs and egg-shells, where the LOD was quoted as 75 μg/kg for fortified chicken egg samples (Stahl et al, 2003).…”

Section: Screening Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nicarbazin content of feed can be analysed by measuring UV absorbance at 430 nm, following extraction with N,N-dimethylformamide and alumina clean-up (AOAC Method 956.11) (Johnston et al, 2001). …”

Section: Analysis Of Nicarbazin In Premixes and Animal Feedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-contamination of non-target feedingstuffs by nicarbazin authorised for use as a feed additive - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

2008

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYNicarbazin is a non-ionophoric synthetic complex composed of an equimolar amount of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (HDP) that is authorised as a coccidiostat feed additive for use in chickens for fattening at a maximum concentration of 50 mg/kg in complete feed as a combination product with narasin (List of authorised additives in feedingstuffs (2004/C 50/01)). Despite the requirements set for feed business operators in Cross-contamination of non-target feedingstuffs by nicarbazinThe EFSA Journal (2008) 690, 2-34 production circuit and these residual amounts can contaminate the subsequent feed batches. This cross-contamination may result in the exposure of non-target animal species, and hence the potential health risks for non-target animal species as well as the potential residue deposition in foods derived from these non-target animal species have been evaluated.Based on a limited range of tolerance studies performed on various non-target animal species the CONTAM Panel concluded that accidental ingestion of feed containing nicarbazin at the maximum authorised level for chickens (50 mg/kg feed), is unlikely to cause adverse effects in non-target animal species.Cross-contamination of feed with nicarbazin at a level of 10% (5 mg/kg feed) of the maximum authorised level for target animal species, would result in an intake for non-target animal species that would correspond to a dose of 0.25 mg/kg b.w. per day. This dose is well below the no observed adverse effect level (NOEL) of 200 mg/kg b.w per day based on studies on chronic toxicity in dogs and developmental toxicity in rats. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that adverse health effects in non-target animal species are unlikely to occur as a result of cross-contamination of feed up to a hypothetical level of 10% of the maximum authorised level of nicarbazin in feed for target animal species.Consumer exposure was estimated using residue data from chicken eggs, liver and muscle and kinetic data from chickens for fattening at close to zero withdrawal time. The estimated exposure levels of nicarbazin resulting from eating chicken liver that were fed diet containing 10% carry over of nicarbazin (5 mg/kg) was 1.4 μg/kg b.w. per day. The contribution from eggs after a similar exposure to laying hens would be 1.8 μg DNC/kg b.w. per day. Food survey data show that nicarbazin concentrations of up to 7200 μg/kg have been detected in chicken liver, 900 μg/kg in chicken eggs and 110 μg/kg in chicken muscle. When using a conservative daily intake estimate: a person eating 100 g chicken eggs, 100 g chicken liver and 300 g chicken muscle would be exposed to 843 μg of nicarbazin (corresponding to 14 μg/kg b.w. per day for a 60 kg person).The CONTAM Panel used this overall NOEL to evaluate the risk related to crosscontamination of feed materials produced for non-target animal species. The margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated to be approximately 10,000 based on the NOEL for DNC and the estimated ...

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“…Earlier work at the NWRC sought to determine the optimal dose of Nicarbazin to induce nonviability in eggs in Canada geese (3). This work relied on assaying the egg contents to estimate the dose of Nicarbazin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of 4,4‘-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), a Component of Nicarbazin, in Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Eggshells Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Stahl

VerCauteren

Buettgenbach

et al. 2003

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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A method was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography to assay 4,4′-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active ingredient in Nicarbazin, in eggshells collected from Canada geese fed a formulated feed fortified with Nicarbazin at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 µg/g. The method was developed using chicken eggshells fortified with DNC. The method was used to quantify DNC in both the shell-associated membranes and the calcified shell extracellular matrix. These values were compared to those obtained for a composite sample consisting of both the membranes and the calcified shell extracellular matrix. The validated method was used to quantify DNC in eggshells from geese fed fortified feed to ascertain the effect of Nicarbazin feed concentration on shell DNC concentration. DNC levels in the eggshells were highly correlated with feed dose.

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Quantification of plasma and egg 4,4′‐dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) residues for the efficient development of a nicarbazin‐based contraceptive for pest waterfowl

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)

Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)

Cross-contamination of non-target feedingstuffs by nicarbazin authorised for use as a feed additive - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain

Determination of 4,4‘-Dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), a Component of Nicarbazin, in Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Eggshells Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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