Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review

“…Quantitation of PAHs in atmospheric particulate samples using GC6GC was reported by Amador-Munoz et al [108]. The authors proposed that a subset of the modulated peaks generated for each solute may be summed, based on the specific target ion mass of each compound present in a certified standard reference material.…”

Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for the ultra-trace quantification of 20 priority substances from the European Water Framework Directive in atmospheric particles by GC–MS and LC–FLD–MS/MS

“…Most studies are related to wet deposition [15][16][17]. Dry depositions are widely studied for a better understanding of air quality [12,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], but there are only few studies that quantify the contributions of the atmospheric sources to stormwater pollutants loads [31]. Indeed, the conventional dust samplers using air aspiration are not suitable for determining the contribution of atmospheric deposition to the pollutants loads accumulating on urban surfaces.…”

“…Very often, only 0003-2670/$ -see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.008 samples of less than one hundred milligrams are available [26] [38] while published methods on other environmental solid matrices (such as soil, sediment) require a few grams [36,37,39].…”

“…Moreover, analytical methods mainly focus on a single class of compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [19,[24][25][26][27][28], carboxylic acids [20,22,23,29] and pesticides [21,30]. Simultaneous analysis of different families of pollutants is not very common especially for atmospheric particulate matter [18,34,35].…”

“…This preparation step should be followed by an analytical method which is sufficiently sensitive and selective to quantify compounds in trace amounts [36,37]. Common extraction procedures of pollutants in solid matrix include Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) [19,23,26], Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) [21,24,30], sonication [18,27,28], Soxhlet [22] and solid liquid extraction [29]. The two latter sample extraction techniques were used almost exclusively in the 1980s and 1990s, but they are labour-intensive, time-consuming and require large volumes of solvent.…”