Quantification of the Respiratory Burst Response as an Indicator of Innate Immune Health in Zebrafish

Goody, Michelle F.; Peterman, Eric; Sullivan, Claire; Kim, Carol H.

doi:10.3791/50667

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…We then tested the ability of phagocytes to mount a respiratory burst response in vivo. A fluorescence assay to quantify the respiratory burst in zebrafish embryos has been previously described (31,32), in which PMA is used to activate protein kinase C, resulting in ROS production in phagocytes via NAPDH oxidase. At 48 hpf, the respiratory burst potentials of controls and sod2 morphants were similar (Fig.…”

Section: Sod2 Is Upregulated In Response To Lps In Mammalian Macrophamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutralization of Mitochondrial Superoxide by Superoxide Dismutase 2 Promotes Bacterial Clearance and Regulates Phagocyte Numbers in Zebrafish

et al. 2015

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T he roles that mitochondria play in antiviral signaling, via mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein and promotion of inflammation and apoptosis, are well established (1-3); however, their importance in innate immunity is only now becoming clear. While mitochondria can promote inflammation via NF-B signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome formation, inflammation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can compound the severity of exaggerated inflammatory conditions such as sepsis (4-10). As the site of the electron transport chain within cells, mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mainly superoxide anions). ROS play diverse roles in cellular and organismal health, especially in innate immunity and inflammation. While the use of ROS to clear infections is beneficial to the host, inappropriate ROS production or lack of ROS neutralization can damage host DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. ROS-induced cellular damage can contribute to the undesired side effects of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mechanisms are in place in hosts, and even some pathogens, to chemically convert ROS into less toxic compounds; however, overproduction of ROS can overwhelm host antioxidants. Thus, a better understanding of the impact of mitochondria, ROS, and mechanisms for neutralization of ROS on innate immunity could lead to improved treatments for infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.The cellular mechanisms to neutralize ROS include the glutathione system, catalases, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family of enzymes. As superoxide producers, mitochondria are equipped with nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially localized SODs (SOD2, MnSOD) that convert superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. The deleterious effects of mitochondrial superoxide are demonstrated by mutations in SOD2 being implicated in idiopathic cardiomyopathy, age-related macular degeneration, aberrant brain morphology, motor neuron disease, vascular complications of diabetes, and cancer, whereas overexpression of SOD2 increases the Drosophila life span (11,(69)(70)(71)(72). Despite the importance of SOD2 and the regulation of ROS for health, surprisingly little is known about the role of SOD2 in immunity. Numerous studies have implicated SOD2 in the immune response, but few have defined functional roles for SOD2 in immunity. SOD2 is upregulated in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly(I·C), beta-glucan, and numerous pathogens in multiple cell types and organisms (12-17). Functionally, SOD2 was found to be necessary for the phorbol myristate acetate-induced respiratory burst response and cell survival upon poly(I·C) exposure in vitro (16,17). In a mouse model with SOD2 deleted specifically from thymocytes, the animals did not mount an effective adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection because of disrupted T-cell

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Section: Sod2 Is Upregulated In Response To Lps In Mammalian Macrophamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutralization of Mitochondrial Superoxide by Superoxide Dismutase 2 Promotes Bacterial Clearance and Regulates Phagocyte Numbers in Zebrafish

et al. 2015

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“…In a similar study, enhanced levels of respiratory burst activity were found in Nile tilapia fed with diet containing Se nanoparticles (Dawood et al, 2020). As a critical component of the innate immune response, phagocyte respiratory burst generates reactive oxygen species that kill invading microorganisms (Goody et al, 2013).…”

Section: Lysozyme and Respiratory Burst Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…2020). As a critical component of the innate immune response, phagocyte respiratory burst generates reactive oxygen species that kill invading microorganisms (Goody et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrullus colocynthis extract and synthesized Selenium nanoparticles enhance non‐specific response and resistance against Aeromonas sobria in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )

Ayoub

Tohamy

Salama

et al. 2021

Aquaculture Research

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Nile tilapia is a cornerstone of fish farming in Egypt, which is the largest aquaculture producer in Africa. With 900,000 tons of tilapia harvested annually, the country has risen to become the seventh aquaculture producer in the world (Feidi, 2018). The progress of this fast-growing industry is impeded by many challenges such as poor water quality and associated bacterial infections (El-Gohary et al., 2020). As a result, the use of antibiotics in the aquafeeds to mitigate infectious diseases or to boost growth performance is commonly practised. The prophylactic use of antibiotics and chemotherapies, however, has been scrutinized which eventually led to their ban in aquaculture by law in many countries (Dawood et al., 2018). In the context of the banning and restrictions of antibiotic use, the need to establish new ways of potentiation of immune reaction in fish is clear. Immunostimulants are considered as an alternative for antibiotics, which will boost the immune system of the cultured organism, thus effectively countering the assault of pathogens. The use of medicinal plants/natural ingredients (whole plant, roots and leaves) and/or their extracts has been proposed as valuable feed additives to boost fish immunity and an eco-friendly approach for the control of pathogens (

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“…The amount of ROS production following a respiratory burst response is indicative of the intensity of the immune response and overall health of the organism. A method to assay the respiratory burst response was developed for zebrafish embryos and adult tissues (134)(135)(136). This assay measures production of H 2 O 2 in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) by detecting the oxidation of dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H 2 DCF) FIGURE 2 | ROS Signaling in Response to Virus Infection.…”

Section: Respiratory Burst Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Virus-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish: A Balance Between Infection Control and Excessive Inflammation

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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The inflammatory response to viral infection in humans is a dynamic process with complex cell interactions that are governed by the immune system and influenced by both host and viral factors. Due to this complexity, the relative contributions of the virus and host factors are best studied in vivo using animal models. In this review, we describe how the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used as a powerful model to study host-virus interactions and inflammation by combining robust forward and reverse genetic tools with in vivo imaging of transparent embryos and larvae. The innate immune system has an essential role in the initial inflammatory response to viral infection. Focused studies of the innate immune response to viral infection are possible using the zebrafish model as there is a 4-6 week timeframe during development where they have a functional innate immune system dominated by neutrophils and macrophages. During this timeframe, zebrafish lack a functional adaptive immune system, so it is possible to study the innate immune response in isolation. Sequencing of the zebrafish genome has revealed significant genetic conservation with the human genome, and multiple studies have revealed both functional conservation of genes, including those critical to host cell infection and host cell inflammatory response. In addition to studying several fish viruses, zebrafish infection models have been developed for several human viruses, including influenza A, noroviruses, chikungunya, Zika, dengue, herpes simplex virus type 1, Sindbis, and hepatitis C virus. The development of these diverse viral infection models, coupled with the inherent strengths of the zebrafish model, particularly as it relates to our understanding of macrophage and neutrophil biology, offers opportunities for far more intensive studies aimed at understanding conserved host responses to viral infection. In this context, we review aspects relating to the evolution of innate immunity, including the evolution of viral pattern recognition receptors, interferons and interferon receptors, and non-coding RNAs.

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Quantification of the Respiratory Burst Response as an Indicator of Innate Immune Health in Zebrafish

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Neutralization of Mitochondrial Superoxide by Superoxide Dismutase 2 Promotes Bacterial Clearance and Regulates Phagocyte Numbers in Zebrafish

Neutralization of Mitochondrial Superoxide by Superoxide Dismutase 2 Promotes Bacterial Clearance and Regulates Phagocyte Numbers in Zebrafish

Citrullus colocynthis extract and synthesized Selenium nanoparticles enhance non‐specific response and resistance against Aeromonas sobria in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus )

Modeling Virus-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish: A Balance Between Infection Control and Excessive Inflammation

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