Quantification of total cholesterol in human milk by gas chromatography

Beggio, Maurizio; Cruz‐Hernandez, Cristina; Golay, Pierre‐Alain; Lee, Le Ye; Giuffrida, Francesca

doi:10.1002/jssc.201700833

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…[31,32] Our data indicated that the levels of cholesterol decreased from colostrum (15.2-22.6 mg per 100 g milk) to mature milk (13.8-16.6 mg per 100 g milk), in agreement with studies in other countries. [7,8,33,34] Infants need enough cholesterol in the early stages to help their nervous system development, and because the cholesterol synthesis in the baby was not enough, it must be obtained from the diet. These may be caused by higher contents of cholesterol in colostrum than in mature milk.…”

Section: Cholesterol In Hm and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Zhang

Zhuo

Liu

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Phospholipids (PLs) and cholesterol in human milk (HM) are affected by lactation, and differential lipids are closely related to maternal diet. The contents of PLs and cholesterol in Chinese HM are quantified by gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, and the relationship between differential lipids and the maternal diet is obtained by Pearson. The result shows that SFA, MUFA, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) are not affected by lactation and geography for total fatty acids, but almost all sn‐2 fatty acids are influenced by geography and remain unchanged during lactation. Most SFAs show absolute sn‐2 selectivity and the majority of MUFAs and PUFAs are esterified at the sn‐1 position. Cholesterol (13.8–22.6 mg per 100 g milk) and 25‐hydroxycholesterol (0.45–1.01 mg per 100 g milk) increase significantly and remain constant during lactation, respectively, and they are affected by regions. In addition, the differential lipids (22:1n‐9, C9:0, trans‐PUFA, 22:4n‐6, etc.) of PLs are closely related to the maternal diet. PLs and cholesterol content differ from western research and infant formula, which will help to design an infant formula that is more suitable for Chinese babies in the future. Practical Application: Compared with PLs and cholesterol in western countries and infant formula, the specificity of Chinese HM can more accurately target the development of formulas suitable for the growth of Chinese infants. At the same time, according to the influence of the motherʼs diet on the composition of HM, it is more reasonable to guide the diet of the mother.

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Section: Cholesterol In Hm and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research showed that the contents of cholesterol were not affected by maternal diet, but the levels of cholesterol were correlated with lactation period. Maurizio Beggio et al . reported the levels of cholesterol in HM of Singapore decreased from 13.1 mg per 100 g (1 month) to 11.3 mg per 100 g (4 months) after delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Zhang

Zhuo

Liu

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Os resultados mostraram que as concentrações dos ácidos oleico, palmitoleico e linoleico aumentaram nas amostras coletadas na quarta semana, quando comparados com aquelas coletadas nos primeiros sete dias após o parto. 22 Apesar da GC ser amplamente utilizada para determinação de AGs, Beggio et al (2018) desenvolveram e validaram um método para quantificar o teor de colesterol em amostras de LH com o uso da GC-FID. Eles observaram que o teor de colesterol, durante as fases de lactação, diminuiu ligeiramente ao longo do tempo de 13,1 mg/100 g no 1° mês para 11,3 mg/100 g 120 dias após o parto.…”

Section: Cromatogra Ia Em Fase Gasosa (Gc)unclassified

“…Eles observaram que o teor de colesterol, durante as fases de lactação, diminuiu ligeiramente ao longo do tempo de 13,1 mg/100 g no 1° mês para 11,3 mg/100 g 120 dias após o parto. 61 3.5.1. Derivatização lipídica para a análise da composição em ácidos graxos Após a extração dos lipídios das amostras de LH, a composição em AGs é comumente determinada por GC, empregando-se como preparo de amostra a hidrólise dos TAGs seguida de derivatização (transformação lipídica) dos AGs livres resultantes, formando-se uma mistura de EMAGs ou de ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos (EEAGs ou FAEEs -fatty acid ethyl esters), quando metanol e etanol são utilizados, respectivamente.…”

Section: Cromatogra Ia Em Fase Gasosa (Gc)unclassified

“…45,59 O BF 3 , em metanol, é um reagente muito reativo devido a sua alta eletropolaridade . 61 Porém, o BF 3 é extremamente tóxico, apresenta custo elevado e possui um tempo de vida útil limitado. 45 O HCl é de baixo custo e facilmente disponível, porém algumas classes lipídicas, como os TAGs, não se solubilizam no reagente HCl em metanol sendo necessário o acréscimo de um outro solvente, como o clorofórmio.…”

Section: Cromatogra Ia Em Fase Gasosa (Gc)unclassified

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Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Lipids in Human Milk: A Review

Rydlewski¹,

Pizzo²,

Manin³

et al. 2020

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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Human milk is considered the ideal and most complete food for the neonate, due to its balanced nutritional composition, which contributes to the full physical and neurological development of the infant. The lipids present in human milk are sources of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-6 series, such as linoleic acid and omega-3 series, such as α-linolenic acid, are essential and are also precursors of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are involved in a number of functions, such as the development of the nervous system during childhood and the increase in the intelligence quotient of the infant. Due to the lipid importance of human milk, the aim of this review article was to present the analytical methods that are currently being employed to determine its lipid composition. There are few scientific advances in lipid extraction methods and to date, most studies have evaluated the composition of fatty acids by gas chromatography. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been widely used to identify and quantify different classes of lipids of human milk. O leite humano é considerado o alimento ideal e mais completo para o neonato, devido à sua composição nutricional equilibrada, contribuindo para o pleno desenvolvimento físico e neurológico do lactente. Os lipídios presentes no leite humano são fontes de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados. Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados da série ômega-6, como o ácido linoleico e da série ômega-3, como o α-linolênico, são essenciais e também são precursores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa, como o ácido araquidônico, ácido eicosapentaenoico e ácido docosahexaenoico, que estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e no aumento do quociente de inteligência do lactente. Devido à importância lipídica do leite humano, o objetivo deste artigo de revisão foi apresentar os métodos analíticos que têm sido atualmente mais empregados para determinar sua composição lipídica. Há poucos avanços científicos quanto aos métodos de extração lipídica e até o presente momento, grande parte dos estudos avaliaram, a composição em ácidos graxos, a partir de cromatografia em fase gasosa. A cromatografia líquida e a espectrometria de massas têm sido utilizadas para identificação e quantificação de distintas classes lipídicas presentes no leite humano.

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A reliable tool for detecting 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in human plasma and its use in diagnosis of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

Luo

Liu

Zeng

et al. 2022

J of Separation Science

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Background Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is a birth defect caused by the deficiency of 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, which leads to accumulation of 7‐dehydrocholesterol and reduction of cholesterol in body fluids. To effectively diagnose Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome and monitor therapy, a reliable method for simultaneous detection of 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol is needed. Methods In the presence of antioxidants (2,6‐ditert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol and triphenylphosphine), 50 μL of human plasma were hydrolyzed at 70℃ for 40 min with 1 M potassium hydroxide in 90% ethanol, and then 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol were extracted by 600 μL of n‐hexane for three times. After microwave‐assisted derivatization with 70 μL of N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide at 460 W for 3 min, the analytes were measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Results The limits of detection were 100 ng/mL for 7‐dehydrocholesterol and 300 ng/mL for cholesterol. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 1–600 μg/mL for 7‐dehydrocholesterol and 10–600 μg/mL for cholesterol, which completely covered the biochemical levels of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome patients that have been reported. Conclusion A time‐saving and accurate gas chromatography with mass spectrometry based method was developed for the determination of 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in human plasma, which also serves as a useful tool for Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome diagnosis, treatment, and research.

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Quantification of total cholesterol in human milk by gas chromatography

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Analytical Methods Used for the Determination of Lipids in Human Milk: A Review

A reliable tool for detecting 7‐dehydrocholesterol and cholesterol in human plasma and its use in diagnosis of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome

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