Quantification of Virus Particles Using Nanopore-Based Resistive-Pulse Sensing Techniques

Abstract

Viruses have drawn much attention in recent years due to increased recognition of their important roles in virology, immunology, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Because the biological and physical properties of viruses significantly impact their applications, quantitative detection of individual virus particles has become a critical issue. However, due to various inherent limitations of conventional enumeration techniques such as infectious titer assays, immunological assays, and electron microscopic observation, this issue remains challenging. Thanks to significant advances in nanotechnology, nanostructure-based electrical sensors have emerged as promising platforms for real-time, sensitive detection of numerous bioanalytes. In this paper, we review recent progress in nanopore-based electrical sensing, with particular emphasis on the application of this technique to the quantification of virus particles. Our aim is to provide insights into this novel nanosensor technology, and highlight its ability to enhance current understanding of a variety of viruses.

Current challenges in biotherapeutic particles manufacturing

“…Besides genome particles quantification, there are other techniques that quantify the total physical particles. Due to the nanosize of these biotherapeutics, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) are techniques can be used not only for particles quantification but also characterization regarding size distribution [156,157]. NTA has also been used for stability studies of exosomes particles during storage at different temperatures [158].…”

Mechanical characterization of HIV‐1 with a solid‐state nanopore sensor

“…The characteristics of resistive pulse, the amplitude and duration, can therefore be used to describe the extent of viral particle deformation. While several groups have used nanopores for characterization of biological nanoparticles, such as exosomes and viruses , the possible deformation of these particles inside nanopores and the resultant effects on particle characterization have been widely neglected.…”

Lab-on-a-chip electrical multiplexing techniques for cellular and molecular biomarker detection

“…Detailed reviews about impedance pulse sensing can be found from other review papers. 41,[59][60][61][62][63] Despite the differences in analyte recognition principles, if an electrical biomarker sensing array is used, each array needs to differentiate signals from individual sensors/sensing channels via signal processing/multiplexing strategies. In this paper, we focus on reviewing various multiplexing strategies (i.e., spatial/time/frequency/codes/particle-based multiplexing) aiming at detection of various biomarkers (i.e., nuclear acids, macromolecular biomarkers/proteins, and cells).…”