Quantitative analysis and comparison of four major flavonol glycosides in the leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) roemer (chinese toon) from various origins by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and hierarchical clustering analysis

Abstract

Background:Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roemer is an endemic species of Toona genus native to Asian area. Its dried leaves are applied in the treatment of many diseases; however, few investigations have been reported for the quantitative analysis and comparison of major bioactive flavonol glycosides in the leaves harvested from various origins.Objective:To quantitatively analyze four major flavonol glycosides including rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside in the leaves from different production sites and classify them according to the content of these glycosides.Materials and Methods:A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for their simultaneous determination was developed and validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, and repeatability. Moreover, the method established was then employed to explore the difference in the content of these four glycosides in raw materials. Finally, a hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to classify 11 voucher specimens.Results:The separation was performed on a Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) kept at 35°C, and acetonitrile and H2O containing 0.30% trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase was driven at 1.0 mL/min during the analysis. Ten microliters of solution were injected and 254 nm was selected to monitor the separation. A strong linear relationship between the peak area and concentration of four analytes was observed. And, the method was also validated to be repeatable, stable, precise, and accurate.Conclusion:An efficient and reliable HPLC-DAD method was established and applied in the assays for the samples from 11 origins successfully. Moreover, the content of those flavonol glycosides varied much among different batches, and the flavonoids could be considered as biomarkers to control the quality of Chinese Toon.SUMMARY Four major flavonol glycosides in the leaves of Toona sinensis were determined by HPLC-DAD and their contents were compared among various origins by HCA. Abbreviations used: HPLC-DAD: High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector, HCA: Hierarchical clustering analysis, MS: Mass spectrometry, RSD: Relative standard deviation.

The Leaf Extracts of Toona sinensis and Fermented Culture Broths of Antrodia camphorata Synergistically Cause Apoptotic Cell Death in Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells

“…Although several compounds have been found in the extracts of T sinensis 15 and A camphorata , 17 the primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the synergistic contribution of the anticancer potential of T sinensis and A camphorata against HL-60 cells through an apoptotic pathway. Our results strongly suggested that the combined treatment of T sinensis and A camphorata has offered more beneficial effects on the suppression and treatment of leukemia.…”

“… 14 Sun et al established an efficient and reliable HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector) method for the characterization of phytochemical compounds from the T sinensis leaf extracts and reported that rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside were the 4 reported major flavonol glycoside compounds from these leaf extracts. 15 …”

“…14 Sun et al established an efficient and reliable HPLC-DAD (high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector) method for the characterization of phytochemical compounds from the T sinensis leaf extracts and reported that rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-β-Dglucoside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside were the 4 reported major flavonol glycoside compounds from these leaf extracts. 15 Antrodia camphorata is a parasite that inhabits fungi on Cinnamomum kanehirae (Bull camphor tree) Hayata (Lauraceae). In Taiwan, A camphorata is better known as Niu-Chang-Chih, Chang-Chih, Niu-Chang-Ku, or Chang-Ku.…”

Identify Cytotoxic Activity in Phenolic Aqueous Extracts of Toona Sinensis Leaves via Mitochondrial Dysfunction Through the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Human Glioblastoma Cells

“…Roem., is a type of edible vegetable that is widely applied in South-East Asia as a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in clinical practice [16]. The most abundant ingredients in T. sinensis leaf (TSL) extracts include gallic acid (10%), rutin (0.5%), quercetin (0.42%), quercitrin (0.15%), kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucoside (0.06%), methyl gallate (0.02%), ethyl gallate (0.002%), quercetin 3-O-b-D-glucoside (< 0.002%), and kaempferol (< 0.002%) [17]. TSL aqueous extracts have various biopharmacological activities, including antioxidant [18,19], antidiabetes [20], neuron degenerative disease-suppressing [21], anti-in ammation [22], antivirus [23], and anticancer [24,25] properties.…”

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal the Underlying Mechanism of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Toona sinensis Leaves

“…Chinese Toon (Toona sinensis), a tree with both medicinal and edible uses, contains rich chemical substances with functions such as antifungal, antiglycation, or anti-tumor activities. Flavonoid compounds, especially anthocyanin, have been identified as the major bioactive constituents in Toona [2][3][4] which are considered to be of the most beneficial plant-derived antioxidants and have led to increased efforts to analyze the genetic controls of the mechanism of flavonoids synthesis [5,6].…”