Quantitative Analysis of Lead, Cadmium, Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Elements in Some Human Breast Milk samples

Concentration of Aflatoxin M 1 and selected heavy metals in mother milk samples from Pakistan

“…The mean level of Cd in mother milk samples from Spain (García-Esquinas et al, 2011) and Cyprus (Kunter et al, 2017) are 0.45 and 1.31 µg/L, respectively and these values are much lower than our findings. Mansour, Hassan, El-Aal, & Ebrahem (2015) reported mean Cd level in mother milk samples from Egypt as 0.025 mg/L (0.001 -0.061 mg/L) that is almost in line to our findings. (Goudarzi, Parsaei, Nayebpour, & Rahimi (2013) Cyprus (Kunter et al, 2017) and Taiwan (Chao et al, 2014) were 0.72 and 0.16 -1.6 µg/L and these values are almost in line with our study.…”

“…Mother milk is considered the most important if not only source of nutrients for the neonates (Jimoh & Kolapo, 2008;Pronczuk, Moy, & Vallenas, 2004). It encompasses all the essential minerals, vitamins and high value proteins along with polyvalent characteristics that play a vital role in upkeep of a child (Mansour, Hassan, El-Aal, & Ebrahem, 2015). Moreover, mother milk also contain antibodies and numerous protective factors that help to combat diseases.…”

“…The most frequently reported toxic xenobiotics in mother milk samples are aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) (Cantú-Cornelio et al, 2016;Diaz & Sánchez, 2015;Iha, Barbosa, Heck, & Trucksess, 2014) and heavy metals (Abdollahi, Tadayon, & Amirkavei, 2013;Mansour et al, 2015;Ullah, Rehman, Iqbal, Rehman, & Ahmad, 2015). However, it is pertinent to mention that breastfeeding is encouraged despite the presence of impurities in mother milk, the efforts are being made to ensure the supply of safe food to the mothers so that the neonates receive healthy mother milk.…”