Quantitative analysis of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in fish purchased from the markets in Malaysia

Kwan, Penz Penz; Banerjee, Sanjoy; Shariff, Mohamed; Ishak, Nur Ain; Yusoff, Fatimah Md.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.031

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, MG has been detected in food coloring and fish destined for human consumption. 17 , 18 , 19 Moreover, ornamental fish may still be treated with MG, and such users often apply unsuitable methods when handling and discarding it. MG is easily dispersed in the air and its physical and chemical properties render it likely to contaminate handlers, making this agent a problem for human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw

de Almada Vilhena,

Lima,

de Azevedo

et al. 2023

Toxicology Research

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Malachite green (MG) is a synthetic dye that uses ranges from its application as a tissue dye to that as an antiparasitic in aquaculture. Several studies have reported the presence of this compound in food dyes and in the meat of fish raised in captivity for human consumption, suggesting risks both for the end user and for as those who handle these products because of MG toxic properties described in the literature. Here we evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of MG in four different cell lines (ACP02, L929, MNP01, and MRC-5). Two of these cell lines are stomach cells (normal and cancer lineages) and the potential ingestion of MG makes this a relevant cell type. Cells were treated with MG at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 100 μM, and tested by MTT assay, a differential apoptosis/necrosis assay (EB/OA), the micronucleus test (MN), and the comet assay. MG exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity toward all of the tested cell types; higher concentrations of MG cause cell necrosis, while lower concentrations induce apoptosis. MG has a genotoxic profile increasing the rates of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, and DNA fragmentation; L929 and MRC-5 showed more sensibility than ACP02 and MNP01. HighlightsMalachite green (MG) exhibits a dose-dependent toxic pattern in vitro.High concentrations of MG cause apoptosis and necrosis in vitro.MG has genotoxic potential, inducing DNA breaks/fragmentation.MG must be handled with extreme prudence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw

de Almada Vilhena,

Lima,

de Azevedo

et al. 2023

Toxicology Research

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show abstract

“…The method for sample preparation and chromatography conditions was performed according to Kwan et al . [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual quantification and oxidative stress induced by malachite green after subacute and sublethal exposure in red tilapia

et al. 2019

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Background and Aim:Malachite green (MG) is an effective antiparasitic and antifungal chemical for treatment of fish. However, MG is reported to be a potential carcinogen. Yet, it is widely used in aquaculture despite its prohibition for use in food-producing animals by the EU and USFDA. The present study quantified MG residues and evaluated the oxidative stress in red tilapia when exposed to subacute and sublethal concentrations of MG.Materials and Methods:Red tilapia exposed to subacute (0.105 mg/L for 20 days) and sublethal (0.053 mg/L for 60 days) concentrations were evaluated for total plasma protein, total immunoglobulin, nitroblue tetrazolium activity, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activity levels. The residues of MG and leuco-MG (LMG) were also quantified in the fish muscles using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.Results:Fish exposed to subacute concentration showed higher CAT on day 10 in the liver and days 5 and 15 in the spleen, whereas in fish exposed to the sublethal concentration, higher levels of GSH were observed on day 1 in the kidney and day 50 in the spleen. Fish muscle was able to accumulate the sum of MG and LMG of 108.04 µg/kg for subacute (day 20) and 82.68 µg/kg for sublethal (day 60).Conclusion:This study showed that red tilapia was able to adapt to the stress caused by exposure to MG at sublethal concentration.

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“…Freshwater ecological communities supply diverse ecosystem services: wetlands, rivers, lakes, and floodplains (Rohman et al, 2021). Changes in ecosystem structure, function, and composition often alter the supply of these services (Kwan et al, 2018). This study measures water quality through the number of fish deaths, as it is crucial for productive and profitable aquaculture, minimising fish health issues, and producing higherquality products (Mat et al, 2018).…”

Section: Fish Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2024

GMJ

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In Malaysia, the aquaculture business has grown at an average annual rate of 10% over the last five years, following a notable pattern that started in the 1920s. This advancement has been crucial in restructuring the nation's food security position (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2021). Malaysia's fishing industry, which adds about 0.2% to the country's GDP, has experienced significant enhancements in farming techniques, variety, and financial effects. The nation has adopted numerous farming techniques for local and global markets, including marine, briny, and freshwater cultures. According to Dauda et al. (2018) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (2021), Malaysia exports several items, including tiger prawns, molluscs, and marine fish. The government's prioritisation of aquaculture as a critical component in eliminating poverty in coastal regions has resulted in significant expenditures in research and development, therefore assuring long-term and environmentally friendly expansion (Poon et al., 2016;Mat et al., 2018). Nevertheless, aquaculture is faced with obstacles related to environmental concerns, including land use changes and wastewater control. The government's proposal to designate an extra 40,000 hectares for aquaculture by 2040 underscores the importance of balancing freshwater requirements and wastewater control. The growth of the aquaculture industry relies on the responsible utilisation of resources (

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Quantitative analysis of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in fish purchased from the markets in Malaysia

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw

The synthetic dye malachite green found in food induces cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in four different mammalian cell lines from distinct tissuesw

Residual quantification and oxidative stress induced by malachite green after subacute and sublethal exposure in red tilapia

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