“…However, a better understanding of the temperature effect on cellular signalling, in general, and crosstalk between HSR and NF-κB systems, in particular, is required for better efficacy. The NF-κB system can adapt to physiological (<40°C) temperatures (Harper et al, 2018), but exposure to higher temperatures (>40°C) results in the attenuation of the NF-κB signalling and function (Esquivel-Velazquez et al, 2015;Janus et al, 2015;Kardynska et al, 2018;Wong et al, 1997b). This involves IKK denaturation (Kardynska et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2004;Pittet et al, 2005), with inhibition of IκB degradation, NF-κB phosphorylation and translocation as well as target gene expression (Ayad et al, 1998;Cooper et al, 2010;Feinstein et al, 1997;Furuta et al, 2004;Janus et al, 2015;Wong et al, 1997a, b).…”