“…In states such as Arkansas, the land application of manure generated by confined poultry operations has been identified as a source of both excess nutrients, especially phosphorous, and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in regional watersheds (Ismail et al, 2016;Sharpley et al, 2016). Watershed contamination from local farming systems has affected both surface (Edge et al, 2012;Vereen et al, 2013) and groundwaters (Gallay et al, 2006;Frey et al, 2015), and has been linked to human illness within and near these farming communities (McEwen et al, 2006;Gilpin et al, 2008). One such major recent example occurred in Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, where a waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 occurred, and phenotypic/genotypic characterizations attributed specific subtypes to a single local farm (Clark et al, 2003).…”