Quantitative evaluation and progress of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19

Uğurlu, Burak Numan; Akdoğan, Özlem; Yılmaz, Yasemin Arı; Yapar, Derya; Uğurlu, Gülay Aktar; Yerlikaya, Huseyin; Felek, Sevim

doi:10.1007/s00405-020-06516-4

Cited by 21 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Among 9751 total participants, 5266 (54.0%) were male; 30 studies 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 51 , 52 reported mean or median ages younger than 60 years, and 14 studies 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 45 , 46 , 52 reported mean or median ages of 50 years or younger ( Table 1 ). Twenty-four studies 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 ,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data extracted included study and patient characteristics, selection criteria, length of follow-up, and outcome measurements ( Table 1 ). 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 We used 6 quality criteria based on the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational and Cohort Studies 53 to assess study design or features most likely to bias frequency estimates. Criteria comprised (1) prospective cohort (score range of 0-1, with 0 indicating no and 1 indicating yes), (2) representativeness (score range of 0-1, with 0 indicating sampling strategy unclear or nonconsecutive enrollees and 1 indicating patients were randomly selected or all eligible patients were included), (3) baseline severity of illness reported (score range of 0-1, with 0 indicating not reported and 1 indicating reported), (4) attrition (score range of 0-3, with 0 indicating not reported or attrition ≥30%, 1 indicating attrition of 20%-29%, 2 indicating attrition of 10%-19%, and 3 indicating attrition <10%), (5) repeated outcome measureme...…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19

2021

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Key Points Question What are the frequency and variety of persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection? Findings In this systematic review of 45 studies including 9751 participants with COVID-19, the median proportion of individuals who experienced at least 1 persistent symptom was 73%; symptoms occurring most frequently included shortness of breath or dyspnea, fatigue or exhaustion, and sleep disorders or insomnia. However, the studies were highly heterogeneous and needed longer follow-up and more standardized designs. Meaning This systematic review found that COVID-19 symptoms commonly persisted beyond the acute phase of infection, with implications for health-associated functioning and quality of life; however, methodological improvements are needed to reliably quantify these risks.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19

2021

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“…The study evaluated 138 COVID-19 patients at 2 months of follow-up showing that 5.8% of patients had moderate to severe olfactory dysfunction, while 4.3% had a significant taste disorder ( 67 ). A greater number of studies evaluated olfactory and gustatory disfunctions in mild COVID-19 patients ( 45 , 47 , 49 , 64 , 66 , 68 , 118 ). Using a retrospective questionnaire Fjaeldstad evaluated olfactory and gustatory loss in 109 mild COVID-19 patients ( 49 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the same way, at 2 months of follow-up, Boscolo-Rizzo et al evaluated prospectively 183 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients showing that 18.6% presented altered sense of smell or taste ( 45 ). Interestingly, Ugurlu et al in a cohort of mild COVID-19 patients showed persistent olfactory dysfunction in 14.3% of patients up to 3 months after symptoms onset ( 66 ). At the same follow-up, a long-term anosmia was also reported in a case-report of a 40-year-old woman with a mild COVID-19 diagnosis ( 64 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since SARS-CoV-2 can affect neuronal cells by both direct and indirect mechanisms, this can lead to various neurological manifestations also including anosmia and hypogeusia. Anosmia and hypogeusia are present both in mild/moderate cases and in severe cases of COVID-19 (45,47,49,57,60,62,64,(66)(67)(68)(118)(119)(120)(121)(122). As long-term COVID-19 symptoms, anosmia, and hypogeusia were evaluated in severe COVID-19 patients only in one protective study (67).…”

Section: Persistent Neurological Symptoms and Olfactory Dysfunctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: The Persistent Symptoms at the Post-viral Stage of the Disease. A Systematic Review of the Current Data

et al. 2021

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Whilst the entire world is battling the second wave of COVID-19, a substantial proportion of patients who have suffered from the condition in the past months are reporting symptoms that last for months after recovery, i. e., long-term COVID-19 symptoms. We aimed to assess the current evidence on the long-term symptoms in COVID-19 patients. We did a systematic review on PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar from database inception to February 15, 2021, for studies on long-term COVID-19 symptoms. We included all type of papers that reported at least one long-term COVID-19 symptom. We screened studies using a standardized data collection form and pooled data from published studies. Cohort cross-sectional, case-report, cases-series, case-control studies, and review were graded using specific quality assessment tools. Of 11,361 publications found following our initial search we assessed 218 full-text articles, of which 145 met all selection criteria. We found that 20.70% of reports on long-term COVID-19 symptoms were on abnormal lung functions, 24.13% on neurologic complaints and olfactory dysfunctions, and 55.17% on specific widespread symptoms, mainly chronic fatigue, and pain. Despite the relatively high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies, our findings highlighted that a noteworthy proportion of patients who have suffered from SARS-CoV-2 infection present a “post-COVID syndrome.” The multifaceted understanding of all aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including these long-term symptoms, will allow us to respond to all the global health challenges, thus paving the way to a stronger public health.

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Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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IMPORTANCE Short-term and long-term persistent postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have not been systematically evaluated. The incidence and evolution of PASC are dependent on time from infection, organ systems and tissue affected, vaccination status, variant of the virus, and geographic region. OBJECTIVE To estimate organ system-specific frequency and evolution of PASC. EVIDENCE REVIEW PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, the World Health Organization Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease, and CoronaCentral databases were searched from December 2019 through March 2021. A total of 2100 studies were identified from databases and through cited references.Studies providing data on PASC in children and adults were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for abstracting data were followed and performed independently by 2 reviewers. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The main outcome was frequency of PASC diagnosed by (1) laboratory investigation, (2) radiologic pathology, and (3) clinical signs and symptoms. PASC were classified by organ system, ie, neurologic; cardiovascular; respiratory; digestive; dermatologic; and ear, nose, and throat as well as mental health, constitutional symptoms, and functional mobility.FINDINGS From a total of 2100 studies identified, 57 studies with 250 351 survivors of COVID-19 met inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age of survivors was 54.4 (8.9) years, 140 196 (56%) were male, and 197 777 (79%) were hospitalized during acute COVID-19. High-income countries contributed 45 studies (79%). The median (IQR) proportion of COVID-19 survivors experiencing at least 1 PASC was 54.0% (45.0%-69.0%; 13 studies) at 1 month (short-term), 55. 0% (34.8%-65.5%; 38 studies) at 2 to 5 months (intermediate-term), and 54.0% (31.0%-67.0%; 9 studies) at 6 or more months (long-term). Most prevalent pulmonary sequelae, neurologic disorders, mental health disorders, functional mobility impairments, and general and constitutional symptoms were chest imaging abnormality (median [IQR], 62.2% [45.8%-76.5%]), difficulty concentrating (median [IQR], 23.8% [20.4%-25.9%]), generalized anxiety disorder (median [IQR], 29.6% [14.0%-44.0%]), general functional impairments (median [IQR], 44.0% [23.4%-62.6%]), and fatigue or muscle weakness (median [IQR], 37.5% [25.4%-54.5%]), respectively. Other frequently reported symptoms included cardiac, dermatologic, digestive, and ear, nose, and throat disorders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this systematic review, more than half of COVID-19 survivors experienced PASC 6 months after recovery. The most common PASC involved functional mobility impairments, pulmonary abnormalities, and mental health disorders. These long-term PASC effects occur on a scale that could overwhelm existing health care capacity, particularly in low-and middleincome countries.

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Quantitative evaluation and progress of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19

Assessment of the Frequency and Variety of Persistent Symptoms Among Patients With COVID-19

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: The Persistent Symptoms at the Post-viral Stage of the Disease. A Systematic Review of the Current Data

Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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