Quantitative Evaluation of Work Efficiency and Eye Strain for Remote Control Construction Equipment Using 2D/3D Displays

Abstract

<jats:p>Remotely operated construction machines are used in cases where the operators are in danger, such as on steep slopes or contaminated sites. However, remote operation differs from what operators perceive during hands-on machine operation. Various studies have focused on improving work efficiency by employing remote control operation to reduce operator workload. In these studies, questionnaires were generally employed to evaluate the operator workload. However, the results obtained from the questionnaires varied depending on the physical conditions and the mood of the person on that day. It was therefore concluded that an accurate evaluation cannot be performed based on this method. Hence, in this study, the eye strain of machine operators was measured using an Auto Refractor/Keratometer. In particular, the ciliary muscle activities were measured before and after operating three display systems used for remote control of construction equipment. A quantitative evaluation was then conducted based on the eye strain data. The 2D display system exhibited low work accuracy and efficiency and resulted in significant eye strain. Although the 3D display system that required glasses exhibited high accuracy and efficiency, it resulted in significant eye strain. The 3D display system that did not require glasses demonstrated high accuracy and lower eye strain. From the results presented above, it was confirmed that the autostereoscopic 3D system is suitable for operators.</jats:p>