Quantitative instruments used to assess children's sense of smell: a review article

Moura, Raissa Gomes Fonseca; Cunha, Daniele Andrade da; Gomes, Ana Carolina de Lima Gusmão; Silva, Hilton Justino da

doi:10.1590/s2317-17822014000100014

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…There exist also other measures, less dependent on identification and age of the patient, like the MODT (match-to-sample odorant discrimination task) created by Richman and collaborators [ 53 ]. However, great variability in the methodology of the existing tests reduces the effectiveness and reliability of their results [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of olfactory abilities in relation to age: odor identification in more than 1400 people aged 4 to 80 years

Sorokowska

Schriever

Gudziol

et al. 2014

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

136

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The currently presented large dataset (n = 1,422) consists of results that have been assembled over the last 8 years at science fairs using the 16-item odor identification part of the “Sniffin’ Sticks”. In this context, the focus was on olfactory function in children; in addition before testing, we asked participants to rate their olfactory abilities and the patency of the nasal airways. We reinvestigated some simple questions, e.g., differences in olfactory odor identification abilities in relation to age, sex, self-ratings of olfactory function and nasal patency. Three major results evolved: first, consistent with previously published reports, we found that identification scores of the youngest and the oldest participants were lower than the scores obtained by people aged 20–60. Second, we observed an age-related increase in the olfactory abilities of children. Moreover, the self-assessed olfactory abilities were related to actual performance in the smell test, but only in adults, and self-assessed nasal patency was not related to the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification score.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of olfactory abilities in relation to age: odor identification in more than 1400 people aged 4 to 80 years

Sorokowska

Schriever

Gudziol

et al. 2014

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

136

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“…Therefore there is need for a reliable, valid and easy to use test for measuring olfactory function in children [28]. To date there are a few odor identification tests, which have been developed for children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

et al. 2014

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Tools for measuring olfactory function in adults have been well established. Although studies have shown that olfactory impairment in children may occur as a consequence of a number of diseases or head trauma, until today no consensus on how to evaluate the sense of smell in children exists in Europe. Aim of the study was to develop a modified “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test, the “Sniffin' Kids” test for the use in children. In this study 537 children between 6-17 years of age were included. Fourteen odors, which were identified at a high rate by children, were selected from the “Sniffin' Sticks” 16-item odor identification test. Normative date for the 14-item “Sniffin' Kids” odor identification test was obtained. The test was validated by including a group of congenital anosmic children. Results show that the “Sniffin' Kids” test is able to discriminate between normosmia and anosmia with a cutoff value of >7 points on the odor identification test. In addition the test-retest reliability was investigated in a group of 31 healthy children and shown to be ρ = 0.44. With the 14-item odor identification “Sniffin' Kids” test we present a valid and reliable test for measuring olfactory function in children between ages 6–17 years.

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Subtle olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in children

Guisán

Fiel-Ozores

Novoa-Carballal

et al. 2021

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

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Objectives Anosmia/hyposomia have been described as early signs of COVID-19 infection in adults, including young asymptomatic patients who commonly refer olfactory disfunction as their only clinical manifestation. Very few studies involving paediatric age patients have been published until now. This study aims to determine the presence of olfactory dysfunction in children with COVID-19 infection through the use of a self-reported questionnaire and a new olfactory screening tool. Methods Nested case-control study. All paediatric patients screened by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for COVID-19 infection, during the study period (March-May 2020), were asked to respond to a questionnaire about symptoms of olfactory disfunction. Patients above six years old also performed an odor identification test based on seven odorants (Kradeo®). This test was designed based on our cultural context and eating habits. Results 126 patients were recruited, including 33 with COVID-19 infection. 15% of the infected children referred anosmia and/or dysgeusia on the questionnaire, all of them were older than eleven years. The results of the odor test (69 patients) revealed subtle disturbances in the infected group (mostly misrecognition of odorants). Median odorant recognition was 3 odors [Interquartile range (IQR) 2-4] in case group and 4 [IQR 3-5] in controls. Male patients showed significantly larger disturbances than girls in both groups (p=0.03). Conclusion Self-referred prevalence of olfactory disfunction in our sample of infected children is lower than that described in adults, especially among the youngest ones, maybe due to immature development of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in nasal mucosa. Nevertheless, one month after infection, subtle disturbances (misrecognition of odors) were identified among the infected children. This screening olfactory test provides a hygienic, user-friendly tool, suitable for screening children older than six years of age.

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Quantitative instruments used to assess children's sense of smell: a review article

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Changes of olfactory abilities in relation to age: odor identification in more than 1400 people aged 4 to 80 years

Changes of olfactory abilities in relation to age: odor identification in more than 1400 people aged 4 to 80 years

The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

Subtle olfactory dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in children

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