Quantitative Measurements of the Elastic Properties of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue in Young and Old Individuals

Kirk, Esben; Kvorning, Sven Ancher

doi:10.1093/geronj/4.4.273

Cited by 52 publications

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“…Similar investigations using different indentation apparati were also reported recently [6], [18]. Investigations in this general area have reported the dependence of these biomechanical properties on site, subject, age, and gender [1], [5], [9], [13], [14], [17], [20], [36]. Testing sites on lower limbs and forearms were usually selected in those investigations.…”

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confidence: 69%

Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment

Zheng

Mak

1999

IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.

102

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Abstract-Quantitative assessment of the biomechanical properties of limb soft tissues has become more important during the last decade because of the introduction of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and finite element analysis to the prosthetic socket design. Because of the lack of a clinically easy-to-use apparatus, the site and posture dependences of the material properties of lower limb soft tissues have not been fully reported in the literature. In this study, an ultrasound indentation system with a pen-size handheld probe developed earlier by the authors was used to obtain the indentation responses of lower limb soft tissues. Indentation tests were conducted on normal young subjects with four females and four males at four sites with three body postures. A linear elastic indentation solution was used to extract the effective Young's modulus from the indentation responses. The determined modulus ranged from 10.4 to 89.2 kPa for the soft tissues tested. These results were in a similar range as those reported in the literature. The thickness of the lower limb soft tissues varied slightly with body posture changes. The Young's modulus determined was demonstrated to be significantly dependent on site, posture, subject and gender. The overall mean modulus of male subjects was 40% larger than that of female subjects. No significant correlation was established between the effective Young's modulus and the thickness of entire soft tissue layers.

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confidence: 69%

Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment

Zheng

Mak

1999

IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng.

102

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“…In the present study, the skinfold compression for both sexes were found to contrast at the trunk and sites on the extremities. Beside the skin thickness, adipose tissue hydration or distribution of fibulous tissue in the subcutaneous is another major variable that will affect the skin resiliency and caliper compression (Kirk and Kvorning, 1949). In addition, the compressibility may be affected by skin tension which is induced by the pressure in subcutaneous space where the subcutaneous fat is located (I-limes et al 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%

Skinfold Compressibility in Japanese University Students

Hattori

Okamoto

1993

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: It is well known that caliper readings decline after the initial application of the caliper to the skinfold (dynamic compressibility).In addition to this compressibility, there is also a variability of skinfold compressibility at different body sites (static compressibility).To investigate this static variability, a comparison was made between skinfold thickness obtained from using caliper and thickness derived from an ultrasound image (B scan-mode) at sixteen skinfold sites of 96 non-athletic students in good health (45 men and 41 momen). The skinfold compressibility is defined as: (uncompressed the sixteen body sites were similar for both sexes although the inter-site variability is quite large (significant at 0.01 level on ANOVA). Women tend to have greater skinfold compression in the trunk area and less in the limbs as compared with men.This sex difference may be caused by the sex differences of skin thickness and skin tension (subcutaneous space pressure). The marked inter-site variability in skinfold compressibility suggests the need for caution in estimates of fat mass using skinfold calipers.

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“…A series of investigations by Kirk and Kvorning (1949) to determine the elastic properties of the skin and subcutaneous tissue of young and old people showed a marked difference between the two age groups. An indentation following the application of a weight on the skin, was greater in As may be seen from the graph of Kirk and Kvorning's results, there is a slow flow of skin under stress.…”

Section: Photographic Recordings Of Muscle Bulge During Contraction Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arm Prosthesis Research. Observer Practice. Human Thermal Studies. Human Tracking

Lyman¹

1961

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Quantitative Measurements of the Elastic Properties of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue in Young and Old Individuals

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment

Effective elastic properties for lower limb soft tissues from manual indentation experiment

Skinfold Compressibility in Japanese University Students

Arm Prosthesis Research. Observer Practice. Human Thermal Studies. Human Tracking

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