Quantity and types of microplastics in the organic tissues of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and Atlantic mud crab Panopeus herbstii from a Florida estuary

Microplastics in Food: A Review on Analytical Methods and Challenges

“…In the last decade, researchers have identified the presence of microplastics in fish and shellfish captured in the wild and obtained from aquaculture farms or markets, as summarized in Table 2 and Table 3 [ 23 , 25 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ,…”

“…Microplastics were also extensively monitored in shellfish, such as blue mussels, shrimps, and clams [ 11 , 20 , 40 , 45 , 52 , 59 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ] ( Table 3 ). Unlike fish, soft tissues were dissected and digested to separate microplastics in mussels, clams, and oysters.…”

“…The majority of microplastic concentrations in blue mussels, which are the most extensively studied species, were less than 1 item per gram [ 11 , 20 , 21 , 48 , 78 , 81 , 83 , 84 ]. However, over a hundred microplastic particles were found in the organic tissues of mud crabs, although the particles were not chemically identified using spectroscopic methods [ 85 ], requiring further observation of the levels of microplastics in various shellfish.…”

“…Filled circles indicate outliers. Data from References [ 14 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 52 , 62 , 68 , 71 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ].…”

Microplastic Concentrations in Two Oregon Bivalve Species: Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variability

“…Aquatic filterand suspension-feeding organisms can encounter microplastics in the marine or freshwater column, mistake them for food items, and ingest them (Hantoro et al 2019). This transfer of plastics from the environment into aquatic food webs has been documented across diverse taxonomic groups, life histories, habitats, and feeding types (e.g., Cole et al 2011;Akpan 2014;Rochman et al 2015;Waite et al 2018). After uptake, microplastics can adhere to organs or become incorporated into guts, gills, and tissues of organisms, decreasing energy uptake and impairing muscle function and reproduction (e.g., von Moos et al 2012;Sussarellu et al 2016;Ribeiro et al 2017;Kolandhasamy et al 2018).…”