“…This involves the use of ergotropy and finding the most effective unitary operation to bring the system to its corresponding passive state [21,22], where the battery is considered empty. To the best of our knowledge, research on closed [10-12, 23, 24] and open quantum batteries [13,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] has made significant progress. In the first scenario, the battery and charger are not impacted by the environment, including Dicke quantum batteries [10,12], Random quantum batteries [23], spin-chain quantum battery [11], a quantum battery made of non-interacting two-level atoms that can be fully charged using a harmonic charging field [24], and so on.…”