Quantum control of dressed state population for four-level ladder Li2 molecules in femtosecond laser fields

Delay time dependence of wave packet motion and population transfer of four-level K2molecule in pump–pump–probe pulses

“…Firstly, AT triple splitting with symmetric profiles appears in the photoelectron spectra at zero delay time, which results from the sufficient Rabi oscillation within the resonant region. [39] The symmetric triplet was ob-served for the four-level Na 2 , [40] Li 2 , [22,25] and K 2 . [30][31][32] The splitting disappears progressively with the increase of the delay time, and the three peaks transform into double peaks in Fig.…”

“…The split-operator Fourier method is used to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. [29,30] The population on each electronic state is written as [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]22,24,25,27,29]…”

“…From the dressed-state theory, the excited state |2 is dressed by the laser field and splits into three substates |α , |β , and |γ with energy V 2 + hR/2, V 2 , and V 2 − hR/2. The wave function of state |2 , including the influence of the laser field, can be expressed by dressed states |α , |β , |γ whose energies are dressed in order, [25,29]…”

“…Hu et al [22] and Yan et al [23] studied the sensitivity of the population transfer and the angular distribution of population of the four-level Li 2 to the molecular rotation. Han et al [24] and Jing et al [25] presented that the laser intensity, wavelength, and delay time affect the state population of the four-level Li 2 . Liu et al [26,27] proposed that the delay time only alters the peaks height, but does not change the peak positions of the photoelectron spectra of Li 2 .…”

Theoretical investigation of pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy on KLi

“…Various properties and phenomena of diatomic molecules have been studied using ultrashort technology, such as population transfer [11], photoionization [12][13][14][15][16][17] and Rabi oscillation [18]. An increasing number of researchers have been focusing on exploring the photoelectron spectroscopy of diatomic molecules and the Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) phenomenon [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], which was first observed in a sodium atom beam under microwave excitation [31]. * Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.…”