Quantum digital ac waveform synthesizer based on pulse-width modulation method

Abstract

The paper describes the theory and the experimental results for the synthesis of precision waveforms by using the pulse-width modulation of the power of the microwave, which drives the superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor Josephson array. The synthesized sine waveform has a high precision. Its harmonic content was determined to be less than 0.003%. This degree of harmonic content is in agreement with the theory.

Quantum standards for electrical and electro-chemical measurements

“…The main of them are, based on a binary array of Josephson junctions, PJVS [9], and pulse driven Josephson voltage standard, JAWS [10]. Also, the authors have proposed and investigated methods based on PWM modulation of microwave bias power [11]. The newest way of constructing such devices is based on optical and opto-electric methods of biasing the Josephson junction by pulsed lasers and lasers with different wavelengths [12,13].…”