Quantum Dots: A Review from Concept to Clinic

Abstract

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor materials that have gained great interest due to their unique characteristics like optical properties. They are extensively being used in different areas, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes, laser technology, as well as biological and biomedical applications. In this review, comprehensive information about different aspects of QDs is provided, including their types and classifications, synthesis approaches, in vitro and in vivo toxicity, biological applications, and potentials in clinical applications. With a focus on the biological aspects, the respective in vitro and in vivo studies are collected and presented. Various surface modifications on QDs are discussed as directly influencing their properties like toxicity and optical abilities. Given the promising results, these materials are clinically used for targeted molecular therapy and imaging. However, there are a large number of questions that should be addressed before the wide application of QDs in a clinical setting. Regarding the existing barriers to QDs, suggestions are given and discussed to present an appropriate route for the clinical use of these materials.

Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

“…provide a review on the role of quantum dots, with a focus on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as a discussion about the clinical translation of these structures. [ 2 ] Increasing the focus on the therapeutic potential of nanomaterials, the requests for the development of biocompatible devices for tissue regeneration or replacement are investigated by Raut et al. [ 3 ] Discussion on tissue regeneration continues with a review by Abdollahiyan et al.…”

Progress of Cancer Nanotechnology as Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Theranostics Nanomedicine: Preclinical Promise and Translational Challenges

“…The QDs without polymer protection shows the release of toxic cadmium on exposure to ultraviolet radiation [158][159][160][161]. In vitro toxicity studies of CdSe QDs on primary hepatocytes showed acute toxicity profile due to the liberation of free Cd2+ ions [162][163][164]. SPIONs are thought to be less toxic under in vivo conditions as they are considered to be biodegradable [165,166].…”

RNA m6A Modification Alteration by Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Regulates Cell Ferroptosis: Implications for Nanotoxicological Assessment

“…The diameter of QDs is usually within 1–10 nm. [ 23 ] Because of their ultrathin emission spectrum and resistance to photobleaching, QDs are widely used in many fields and applications, such as in light‐emitting diodes, biosensing, bioimaging, and diagnostics. [ 23,24 ] However, adverse effects may occur to workers in QD production‐related industries.…”

“…[ 23 ] Because of their ultrathin emission spectrum and resistance to photobleaching, QDs are widely used in many fields and applications, such as in light‐emitting diodes, biosensing, bioimaging, and diagnostics. [ 23,24 ] However, adverse effects may occur to workers in QD production‐related industries. [ 25 ] Respiratory inhalation is one of the main routes of exposure to QDs during the production, processing, transportation, and usages in an occupational environment.…”