Quick guide to polyketide synthase and nonribosomal synthetase genes in Fusarium

Hansen, Frederik Teilfeldt; Sørensen, Jens Laurids; Giese, Henriette; Søndergaard, Teis Esben; Frandsen, Rasmus John Normand

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.01.018

Cited by 71 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…ZEA is a polyketide metabolite, synthesized by sequential reactions catalyzed by large multienzyme protein complexes that contain polyketide synthases (PKSs) 12), 13) . Genome sequencing has revealed that F.…”

Section: Zea Biosynthesis Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthetic mechanism and regulation of zearalenone in <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>

Kim

Son

Lee

2018

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

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Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic polyketide-derived mycotoxin that is produced by several Fusarium spp. This mycotoxin is often found in F. graminearum-infected cereals and causes a number of illnesses in animals, including humans. The genetic information of the ZEA biosynthetic pathway has been characterized in F. graminearum using forward and reverse genetic approaches. Four genes responsible for ZEA biosynthesis, including two polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, are located in the ZEA biosynthetic gene cluster. In addition to two PKSs, ZEB1 and ZEB2 encode an isoamyl alcohol oxidase and a transcription activator carrying a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain, respectively. ZEB2 produces two isoforms (ZEB2L and ZEB2S) via an alternative promoter. ZEB2L and ZEB2S interact with each other and participate in the autoregulation of ZEB2 expression as an activator and an inhibitor, respectively, during ZEA biosynthesis. The catalytic and regulatory subunits of the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in F. graminearum, CPK1 and PKR, negatively regulate ZEA biosynthesis. In particular, it was found that the PKA pathway regulates ZEB2L transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally during ZEA production. These results increase our understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying ZEA biosynthesis in F. graminearum.

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Section: Zea Biosynthesis Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthetic mechanism and regulation of zearalenone in <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>

Kim

Son

Lee

2018

Proc. Jpn. Assoc. Mycotoxicol.

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“…This basal molecule can then be modified to varying degrees by a number of ancillary domains, including an epimerization or dual/epimerization domain (E and D/E, respectively), a reductase domain (R), and others involved in oxidation, cyclization, and methylation [85]. Additionally, genomic resources have revealed that many fungal PKSs and NRPSs cluster with cytochrome P450s (for example [87]) and that modifications of PKS and NRPS-derived scaffolds molecules by P450s have been implicated in the production of relevant secondary metabolites including mycophenolic acid, a grisan scaffold, tenellin, and the antifungal pneumocandin [88][89][90][91]. The propensity of fungi to cluster an array of modification enzymes such as P450s around core scaffold-producing enzymes such as PKSs and NRPSs is a widely conserved means to create vast libraries of products from simple PK, NRP, and terpenoid (discussed in next section) building blocks.…”

Section: Polyketide Synthases (Pks) and Nonribosomal Peptide Synthasementioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Mining for Fungal Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters

et al. 2015

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“…Although not expressed in the Bacillus species assayed, induced expression in Escherichia coli of these cfr-like genes was able to decrease the susceptibility of several antibiotics (Hansen et al, 2012). The cfr gene encodes the cfr methyltransferase that methylates a single adenine in the peptidyl transferase region of bacterial ribosomes.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Aspects Regarding the Qualificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2012 update)

2012

EFS2

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EFSA is requested to assess the safety of a broad range of biological agents in the context of notifications for market authorisation as sources of food and feed additives, enzymes and plant protection products. The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) assessment was developed for safety risk assessments to provide a harmonised generic pre-assessment to support EFSA"s scientific Panels. The safety of unambiguously defined biological agents at the highest taxonomic unit appropriate for the purpose for which an application is intended and the completeness of the body of knowledge are assessed. Identified safety concerns for a taxonomic unit are where possible and reasonable in number reflected as "qualifications" with a recommendation for the QPS list. The list of QPS recommended biological agents is reviewed and updated annually. Therefore, the only valid list is the one in the most recently published scientific opinion. The 2012 update reviews microorganisms previously assessed including bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi and viruses used for plant protection purposes. The BIOHAZ Panel confirmed all taxonomic units previously recommended for the QPS list. The notifications were reviewed. Bacillus firmus was re-evaluated and not recommended for the QPS list. A new recommendation was made for Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum was assessed for the first time and not recommended for the QPS list. Qualifications for the taxonomic units included in the QPS recommended list were reviewed and confirmed. Filamentous fungi and enterococci were not recommended for the QPS list following updating and reviewing of current scientific knowledge. For Enterococcus faecium recent data indicate a possible distinction between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. This is considered too recent knowledge for a QPS recommendation, considering the recent information on the evolution of the epidemiology of Enterococcus infections in humans. Tasks three required, for the taxonomic units included in the QPS recommended list, a review and update of knowledge concerning antimicrobial resistance and a review of the qualifications. The information of the previous opinion was updated by the BIOHAZ Panel and the qualifications were confirmed.The final aspect included a review of the body of knowledge for filamentous fungi and enterococci. The BIOHAZ Panel updated the knowledge of filamentous fungi notified to EFSA. Although numerous data, published since the 2011 QPS opinion, have contributed to partially fulfil gaps of knowledge, too many unknowns remain in 2012 to allow a filamentous fungus to be recommended for the QPS list.Enterococcus faecium is not recommended for the QPS list in spite of the recent scientific knowledge allowing a differentiation of pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains. This is of value for the FEEDAP Scientific Panel dealing with the strain specific notification, but it is too recent knowledge for a QPS recommendation, considering the recent information on the evolution of the ep...

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Quick guide to polyketide synthase and nonribosomal synthetase genes in Fusarium

Cited by 71 publications

References 88 publications

Biosynthetic mechanism and regulation of zearalenone in <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>

Biosynthetic mechanism and regulation of zearalenone in <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>

Genome Mining for Fungal Secondary Metabolic Gene Clusters

Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2012 update)

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