Quinolines: Privileged Scaffolds for Developing New Anti‐neurodegenerative Agents

Abstract

The burden of neurodegenerative diseases is emerging with the increase in life expectancy. It is a great challenge to develop effective methods of preventing these diseases and to treat them. Quinoline and its derivatives have numerous biological effects. They show significant anti-neurodegenerative activity. Quinoline compounds are used to develop various anti-neurodegenerative drugs as they have demonstrated fantastic effects through numerous mechanisms of action. A lot of quinoline compounds have been studied till now for their anti-neurodegenerative properties. Quinoline scaffold among all heterocyclic compounds has emerged as a critical building block for the production of a variety of novel medications.Many heterocyclic substituent quinoline derivatives with good anti-neurodegenerative activity are discussed in this review. Such as PBT2 that has shown potential to reduce cerebrospinal fluid Aβ, and improve cognitive functions, quinoline-chromenone and acridine-chromenone hybrids that act as anti AChE agents. Further molecules like coumarin-quinoline derivatives, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-2,3,4-trione 3-oximes and Clioquinol has been discussed as a possible anti-Neurodegeneration medication. The efficacy of quinoline derivatives to cure neurodegenerative diseases and save the central nervous system in early stage has nurtured the interest of researchers to increase the search in this area.

Recent developments on microwave-assisted organic synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing preferred heterocyclic scaffolds

“…55 Its derivatives have been studied for their potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases because they can interact with specic receptors in the brain. 56 Certain quinoline derivatives are used in agriculture as pesticides and herbicides due to their ability to control plant diseases. 57 In summary, quinoline and its derivatives have pivotal roles in various elds, from medicine and chemistry to agriculture and materials science, owing to their versatile chemical properties and wide-ranging applications.…”

Recent advancement in the synthesis of quinoline derivatives via multicomponent reactions

“…18 Quinoline derivatives have been investigated for their potential in treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases due to their ability to interact with certain neurotransmitter systems and receptors. 19 Some quinoline derivatives possess anti-inflammatory properties and modulate immune responses, suggesting potential applications in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The diverse pharmacological activities of quinoline compounds make them valuable candidates for drug development across a wide spectrum of therapeutic areas, from infectious diseases to cancer and neurological disorders.…”

Indole-Based Compounds in the Development of Anti-Neurodegenerative Agents

“…As predicted by the World Health Organization (WHO), NDs will overtake cancer within 20 years and become the second leading cause of death, after cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the need to find an effective therapeutic approach for NDs is quite urgent because, to date, commercially available drugs for NDs provide only transient relief from symptoms and they do not offer a cure or a halt to the progression of the disease [3,4].…”

“…Neurodegeneration is a process that causes a continuous loss of structure, function and quantity of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to cognitive impairment and deterioration of the brain, as well as motor and behavioral decline [4].…”

“…The most common NDs are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), without forgetting Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other psychological disorders. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal loss, viral inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury and anomalous protein aggregation in the neuronal tissues may be the common causes of all these diseases [4].…”