R and D intensities in US industries

Fang, Jinwu; Skumatz, Lisa A.

doi:10.2172/5371151

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Rhododendron (Ericaceae) contains nine subgenera and more than 1,000 species and is one of the largest genera of angiosperms being broadly spread throughout Asia, Europe, and North America (Fang et al, 2005). Species are found in habitats ranging from latitudes 65°N to 20°S in tropical, temperate, and boreal zones.…”

Section: Study Sites and Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeny, habitat together with biological and ecological factors can influence germination of 36 subalpine Rhododendron species from the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Wang

Lai

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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The reproductive stages of the life cycle are crucial in explaining the distribution patterns of plant species because of their extreme vulnerability to environmental conditions. Despite reported evidence that seed germination is related to habitat macroclimatic characteristics, such as mean annual temperature, the effect of this trait in controlling plant species distribution has not yet been systematically and quantitatively evaluated. To learn whether seed germination can predict species distribution along altitude gradients, we examined germination data of 36 Rhododendron species in southeastern Tibet originating from contrasting altitudes, habitats, plant heights, seed masses, and phylogenies. Germination varied significantly with altitude, habitat, plant height, and phylogeny and was higher in the light than in the dark. Germination percentage was highest at 10:20°C in the light and 15:25°C in the dark. As altitude increased, germination percentages first rose and then decreased, being highest at 3,500–4,000 m. Germination percentage and rate were highest on rocky slopes, increasing as seed mass and plant height rose. Variations in germination percentage and rate were not significant at subgenera, section, and subsection levels, but they were significant at species level. The results suggested that the relationship between germination and altitude may provide insights into species distribution patterns. Further, germination patterns are a result of long‐term evolution as well as taxonomic constraints.

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Section: Study Sites and Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The east Himalaya was regarded as the main center of evolution and distribution for Rhododendron species (Fang et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2014). The complicated environments provide various habitats for Rhododendron species, which might have various adaptive strategies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny, habitat together with biological and ecological factors can influence germination of 36 subalpine Rhododendron species from the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Wang

Lai

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Currently, besides the cost of generating electricity, wheeling cost and auxiliary service cost are also indispensable costs, which account for a large proportion of the whole electricity cost [32,33]. This paper considers the cost of wheeling cost and auxiliary service as the transmission cost of generators.…”

Section: Fig1 the Bidding Curves In An Ucp Electricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a certain quantity electricity, transaction costs will increase as the number of transactions increases. Draws on Fang et al's research [32], the standardized bidding price is introduced into the mechanism to ensure that generators with large supply quantity will be more likely to win the auction when the bidding prices are equal. Supposed the transaction cost function is ( ), where ′ (•) > 0, ′′ (•) < 0, according to the principle of equivalent profit, the relationship between the actual bidding price , and the virtual bidding price , ′ by Eq.…”

Section: Fig1 the Bidding Curves In An Ucp Electricitymentioning

confidence: 99%

How Elastic Demand Affects Bidding Strategy in Electricity Market：An Auction Approach

Fang¹,

Ren²,

Yu³

2018

Preprint

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The deepening of electricity reform results in increasingly frequent auctions and the surge of generators, it becomes difficult to analyze generators’ behaviors. Since it’s hard to find analytical market equilibriums, approximate equilibriums were obtained instead in previous studies by market simulations, which are strict to initial estimations and simulation results are chaotic in some cases. In this paper, a multi-unit power bidding model is proposed to reveal the bidding mechanism under clearing pricing rule by employing auction approach, for which initial estimations are non-essential. Normalized bidding price is introduced to construct generator's price-related bidding strategy. Nash equilibriums are derived depend on the marginal cost and the winning probability which are computed from bidding quantity, transmission cost and demand distribution. Furthermore, we propose a comparative analysis to explore the impact of uncertain elastic demand on the performance of the electricity market. The result indicates that, there exists market power among generators leading to social welfare decreases even under competitive conditions but elastic demand is an effective way to restrain generators’ market power. The feasibility of the models is verified by a case study. Our work provides decision support for generators and a direction for improving market efficiency.

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“…[1,2] The overexpression of cell surface phosphoglycoprotein (pGP) in tumor cells acts as a multidrug transporter, and plays an important role in increasing drug efflux/ decreasing influx, as a result of multidrug resistance. [3,4] The acidic extracellular environment, which is an important characteristic of the growth of solid tumors, [5][6][7] activates the function of pGP, and thereby increases the pGP-mediated drug efflux. [3,4,8] The activated pGP can influence the uptake of anticancer drugs and modulate the response of tumor cells to conventional therapy, which results in the multidrug resistance of tumor cells and impairs the long-term therapeutic outcome of chemotherapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acetazolamide‐Loaded pH‐Responsive Nanoparticles Alleviating Tumor Acidosis to Enhance Chemotherapy Effects

Liu

Luo

Liu

et al. 2018

Macromolecular Bioscience

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Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), over‐expressed on cancer cells, catalyzes CO2 to bicarbonate and protons, contributing to the acidic extracellular pH (pHe), which enhances the multidrug resistance of tumor cells. Therefore, alleviating tumor acidosis would greatly improve the outcome of chemotherapy. This work fabricates acetazolamide (ACE)‐loaded pH‐responsive nanoparticles (ACE‐NPs), which are quickly disintegrated in an acidic solution (pH 6.8), resulting in a quick release of ACE from these NPs to inhibit the expression of CA IX, thus up‐regulating the pHe value. These ACE‐NPs have no obvious in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo studies confirm the accumulation of ACE‐NPs in tumor tissue. In addition, mice treated with ACE and paclitaxel (PTX) co‐loaded NPs show a smaller tumor size and a higher survival rate when compared to that of mice treated with ACE‐ or PTX‐loaded NPs. This work reveals that simultaneous delivery of ACE and chemotherapy agents to tumor tissue can up‐regulate the acidic pHe value, consequently enhancing the anti‐tumor ability of chemotherapy medicine. These findings open a new window for enhancing the anti‐tumor ability of traditional chemotherapy in clinic.

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R and D intensities in US industries

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Phylogeny, habitat together with biological and ecological factors can influence germination of 36 subalpine Rhododendron species from the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Phylogeny, habitat together with biological and ecological factors can influence germination of 36 subalpine Rhododendron species from the eastern Tibetan Plateau

How Elastic Demand Affects Bidding Strategy in Electricity Market：An Auction Approach

Acetazolamide‐Loaded pH‐Responsive Nanoparticles Alleviating Tumor Acidosis to Enhance Chemotherapy Effects

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