Rabbit common calcanean tendon as an animal model: ultrasonographic anatomy and morphometry

Skalec, Aleksandra; Janeczek, Maciej; Janus, Izabela; Chrószcz, Aleksander; Henklewski, Radomir

doi:10.5603/fm.a2015.0071

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As we reported previously (Skalec et al 2016), it could be divided, due to echogenicity, into the superficial hypoechoic part and the deeper hyperechoic component (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…There are few publications which report the use of grey scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of experimental treatment protocols in a rabbit common calcanean tendon model (Young et al 1998, Oryan et al 2012), and we have discussed them previously with our results (Skalec et al 2016). In a study describing the anatomic relationship between the calcaneal tendon and superficial digital flexor tendon in a rabbit, the authors performed sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (Doherty et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rabbit common calcanean tendon is relatively large in comparison to that in other small laboratory animals, which makes it more accessible for diagnostic imaging. Previously, we have described the ultrasonographic anatomy and morphometry of the rabbit common calcanean tendon (Skalec et al 2016), but there is a lack of a detailed description of its in situ appearance in magnetic resonance imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Skalec¹,

Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich²,

Janus³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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In spite of recent advances in treatment protocols, tendinopathies continue to challenge orthopaedists and surgeons. Due to the complexity of both tendon injuries and the healing processes, animal models are essential for addressing fundamental questions in tendinopathy research. Diagnostic imaging could contribute to the evaluation of animal models, thus providing information, which could be translated to human tendinopathies. The objective of our study was to evaluate in situ appearance of the rabbit common calcanean tendon with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we sought to assess and compare the feasibility and usefulness of these techniques in a rabbit model while focusing on the imaging of the particular structures involved in calcaneal tendon disorders. Eight California rabbits were used for post-mortem sonographic and low-field magnetic resonance examination. Morphometry was performed on longitudinal sonograms and sagittal MRI scans. The craniocaudal diameter of the tendon was measured at four points of interest. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance provided good visualisation of the tendon origin, the paratenon and the pre-Achilles fat pad. Magnetic resonance images presented in more detail the structure of the calcaneal insertion. Both modalities failed to visualise the individual components of the common calcanean tendon and the bursa of the calcaneal tendon. Statistical analysis of measurements obtained showed that the craniocaudal diameter of the common calcanean tendon in a rabbit increases significantly with a growing length from the calcaneal tuber. Both magnetic resonance and ultrasonography are feasible, and should be considered complementary, not alternative imaging techniques in a rabbit common calcanean tendon model.

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“…As we reported previously (Skalec et al 2016), it could be divided, due to echogenicity, into the superficial hypoechoic part and the deeper hyperechoic component (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Skalec¹,

Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich²,

Janus³

et al. 2016

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Anatomy and histology of the rabbit common calcanean tendon

Skalec

Janeczek

Czerski

2019

Anat Histol Embryol

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Despite the great progress in the field of tendon injuries and chronic tendinopathies in recent years, treatment of these conditions is still challenging. Research utilising animal models is crucial for further advancement in tendon research, with the rabbit being a commonly used species in this field. The objective of the present study was to comprehensively describe the macro‐ and microanatomy of the common calcanean tendon (tendo Achillei), together with associated structures. Eight female New Zealand rabbits were subjected to anatomical dissection and histologic analysis, revealing significant species‐specific features. The soleus muscle presented a thin, spindle shape with no tendon of insertion and attached directly to the lateral gastrocnemius muscle. Therefore, it does not contribute to the formation of the common calcanean tendon. The calcaneal tendon of the semitendinosus muscle was identified as a strong tendinous band at the medial side of the medial gastrocnemius muscle and the superficial digital flexor muscle and tendon distally. The saphenous artery was accompanied by the medial saphenous vein and characteristic accessory medial saphenous vein. The complex structure of the paratendinous connective tissue is described, with the paratenon being contiguous with the epitenon of the individual tendons and epimysium of associated muscles. At the level of the calcaneal tuber, the retromalleolar fat pad was identified, adhering to the cranial surface of the conjoint gastrocnemius tendon. Histologic studies confirmed the presence of the subtendinous calcaneal bursa of superficial digital flexor tendon and the bursa of calcaneal tendon.

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Rabbit common calcanean tendon as an animal model: ultrasonographic anatomy and morphometry

Cited by 2 publications

References 29 publications

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Ultrasonography and Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Common Calcanean Tendon in a Rabbit Model for Tendinopathy Research: a Descriptive Study of Normal Anatomy

Anatomy and histology of the rabbit common calcanean tendon

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