RacGAP1 expression, increasing tumor malignant potential, as a predictive biomarker for lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.

Abstract

555 Background: Rac GTPase activating protein (RacGAP) 1 plays a key role in controlling various cellular phenomena including cytokinesis, transformation and migration. Recently, the clinical significance of RacGAP1 expression has been reported in several malignancies. However, direct association between the RacGAP1 expression and colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study is to elucidate the function and clinical significance of RacGAP1 expression in CRC. Methods: The intrinsic functions of RacGAP1 in CRC cells were analyzed using small interfering RNA (siRNA). We analyzed RacGAP1 mRNA expression in surgical specimens from 193 CRC patients (Cohort 1) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then, we validated RacGAP1 protein expression using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from 298 CRC patients (Cohort 2) by immunohistochemistry. Finally, we evaluated the association between RacGAP1 mRNA and protein expression and clinicopathological data. Results: Reduced RacGAP1 expression by siRNA in CRC cell lines showed significantly decreased cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion. In Cohort 1, RacGAP1 expression in CRC was significantly higher than in adjacent normal mucosa, and increased according to TNM stage progression. High RacGAP1 expression in tumors was significantly associated with progression and prognosis. In Cohort 2, RacGAP1 protein was overexpressed mainly in the nuclei of CRC cells; however, its expression was scarcely observed in normal colorectal mucosa. RacGAP1 protein expression was significantly higher in CRC patients with higher T stage, vessel invasion, and lymph node and distant metastasis. Increased expression of RacGAP1 protein was significantly associated with poor disease-free and overall survival. Multivariate analyses revealed that high RacGAP1 expression was an independent predictive marker for lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and poor prognosis in CRC. Conclusions: Our data provide novel evidence for the biological and clinical significance of RacGAP1 as a potential biomarker for identifying patients with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in CRC.

MgcRacGAP inhibition stimulates JAK‐dependent STAT3 activity

“…Overexpression of the complex members has also been correlated to a poor clinical prognosis in numerous types of cancers, including high-risk early breast cancer [13], hepatocellular carcinoma [14], gastric cancer [15], colorectal cancer [16] and melanoma for MgcRacGAP [17].…”

“…In addition to being a cytokinetic regulator, MgcRacGAP and the other members of the MgcRacGAP/MKLP1/Ect2 complex have been linked to human oncogenesis by controlling cell polarity [11] and driving epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [12]. Overexpression of the complex members has also been correlated to a poor clinical prognosis in numerous types of cancers, including high-risk early breast cancer [13], hepatocellular carcinoma [14], gastric cancer [15], colorectal cancer [16] and melanoma for MgcRacGAP [17].…”

Expression of aurora kinase A correlates with the Wnt‐modulator RACGAP1 in gastric cancer

“…1B). Contrary to these data in gastric cancer, there was a recent report on upregulation of RACGAP1 in colorectal cancer with RACGAP1 being an independent predictive factor for prognosis [39]. However, a recent study on colorectal cancers demonstrated that the intracellular localization of the RACGAP1 protein dictates its relevance as prognostic predictor, with only nuclear staining indicating a poor prognosis and cytoplasmic staining actually resulting in a favorable outcome for the patient [40].…”

Identification of potential biomarkers in subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer

“…RACGAP1 (Rac GTPase-activating protein 1), a central spindle complex plays very important role in controlling various cellular process including cytokinesis, transformation, invasive migration and metastasis (Zhao et al, 2005). Previous studies identified the overexpression of RACGAP1 in gastric, ovarian, colorectal and several other cancers, implied its role in promoting tumor progression (Imaoka et al, 2015;Saigusa et al, 2015.…”