Racial Differences of Pigmentation in the Human Vestibular Organs

Lin, Frank R.; Agrawal, Yuri; Francis, Howard W.; Carey, John P.

doi:10.1177/0194599816645764

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Recently, studies have made significant progress assessing the benefits of Scu, which exhibited neuroprotective effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in numerous diseases (12–14). Additionally, previous studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of Scu in vascular endothelial dysfunction (15,16), myocardial infarction (17), colorectal cancer (18,19) and other types of cancer (20,21). Scutellarein (5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxy flavone; Scue) is the hydrolyzed product of Scu in perennial herbs, including Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora and Scutellaria barbata (22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Scutellarein suppresses Aβ‑induced memory impairment via inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway in�vivo and in�vitro

Huang

Sui

et al. 2019

Oncol Lett

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The flavonoid compound scutellarin (Scu) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat a variety of diseases; however, the use of scutellarein (Scue), the hydrolysate of Scu, and its mechanisms of action in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effects of Scue on amyloid β (Aβ)-induced AD-like pathology were investigated. An in vitro model of inflammation and an aged rat model were used to confirm the effects of Scue. In vitro MTT assays and flow cytometry were used to assess the effects of Scue on cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. A Morris water maze was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory, and the levels of Aβ deposition, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, apoptosis, neuro-inflammatory factors and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in hippocampal tissues in vivo were measured to determine the effect of Scue in AD. Scue may be protective, as it decreased the apoptosis of hippocampal cells in vitro , inhibited Aβ-induced cognitive impairment, suppressed hippocampal neuro-inflammation and suppressed activation of NF-κB in vivo . Therefore, Scue may be a useful agent for the treatment of Aβ-associated pathology in the central nervous system through inhibition of the protein kinase B/NF-κB signaling pathway and thus, future studies are required to investigate the efficacy of Scue in patients with AD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Scutellarein suppresses Aβ‑induced memory impairment via inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway in�vivo and in�vitro

Huang

Sui

et al. 2019

Oncol Lett

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“…Specimens from adults that had available audiometric data were selected for analysis. The adult temporal bones studied were the same as those used in previous studies from our institution (Sun et al, 2014;Erbele et al, 2016). The pediatric temporal bones analyzed were from the same collection.…”

Section: Human Temporal Bone Subjects and Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pigmentary disorders have similarly been associated with congenital deafness in dogs and cats (Strain, 2004(Strain, , 2017. Conversely, differential levels of pigmentation have been hypothesized to alter susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss and presbycusis (Bunch and Raiford, 1930;Ardiç et al, 1998;Ishii and Talbott, 1998;Murillo-Cuesta et al, 2010;Lin et al, 2011Lin et al, , 2012Sun et al, 2014), and potentially vestibular dysfunction (Erbele et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Age-Related Pigmentary Changes in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Within Mouse and Human Temporal Bones

et al. 2021

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BackgroundMelanin pigmentation is present within the auditory and vestibular systems of the mammalian inner ear and may play a role in maintaining auditory and vestibular function. Melanocytes within the stria vascularis (SV) are necessary for the generation of the endocochlear potential (EP) and decreased EP has been linked to age-related hearing loss. Melanocytes and pigment-containing “dark cells” are present within the vestibular system, but have a less well-defined role. African–American individuals have increased pigmentation within the SV and vestibular system, which is hypothesized to be related to lower rates of age-related hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. It remains unclear if increased pigmentation confers lifelong protection against hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.MethodsMouse temporal bones were collected from juvenile (3–4 week) and aged (20–32 months) CBA/CaJ mice. Pediatric and adult human temporal bones from Caucasian or African–American individuals were examined from the Johns Hopkins Temporal Bone Collection. Information regarding Fitzpatrick skin type were unavailable, and self-identified race/ethnicity was used as a proxy. Images were taken using light microscopy at 20× magnification. ImageJ software (v1.53) was used to measure pigment within the SV and vestibular system.ResultsIn mouse temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age, but pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age. In human temporal bones pigmentation within the SV increased with age and pigmentation within the vestibular system increased within the wall of the utricle, but not other regions of the vestibular system. African–American individuals had higher amounts of pigment within the SV and vestibular system, among both pediatric and adult populations.ConclusionStria vascularis pigmentation increases with age in mouse and human temporal bones. Pigmentation within the vestibular system did not increase with age in mouse specimens and only increased within the utricular wall with age in human specimens. Individuals who identified as African–American had higher pigment content within the SV and vestibular system, both as children and as adults. These results highlight how similar age-related pigmentary changes occur in the auditory and vestibular systems across species and underscore the importance of racial/ethnic diversity in human temporal bone studies.

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“…Multiple studies have supported the theory that vestibular anatomy and dysfunction may have differing phenotypes based on race; 7,14,15 however, this concept is poorly understood and little studied. Erbele et al noted that there is a significant increase in melanin pigmentation in the inner ear of African Americans compared with Caucasians, similar to prior cochlear findings.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association Between Cardiometabolic Factors and Dizziness in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study

et al. 2021

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Background Balance dysfunction is a complex, disabling health condition that can present with multiple phenotypes and etiologies. Data regarding prevalence, characterization of dizziness, or associated factors is limited, especially in an African American population. Purpose The aim of the study is to characterize balance dysfunction presentation and prevalence in an African American cohort, and balance dysfunction relationship to cardiometabolic factors. Research Design The study design is descriptive, cross sectional analysis. Study Sample The study sample consist of N = 1,314, participants in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Data Collection and Analysis JHS participants were presented an initial Hearing health screening questionnaire (N = 1,314). Of these, 317 participants reported dizziness and completed a follow-up Dizziness History Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to compare differences in the cohorts' social-demographic characteristics and cardiometabolic variables to the 997 participants who did not report dizziness on the initial screening questionnaire. Based on questionnaire responses, participants were grouped into dizziness profiles (orthostatic, migraine, and vestibular) to further examine differences in cardiometabolic markers as related to different profiles of dizziness. Logistical regression models were adjusted for age, sex, education, reported noise exposure, and hearing sensitivity. Results Participants that reported any dizziness were slightly older and predominantly women. Other significant complaints in the dizzy versus nondizzy cohort included hearing loss, tinnitus, and a history of noise exposure (p < 0.001). Participants that reported any dizziness had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure medication use, and higher body mass index (BMI). Individuals with symptoms alluding to an orthostatic or migraine etiology had significant differences in prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure medication use, and BMI (p < 0.001). Alternatively, cardiometabolic variables were not significantly related to the report of dizziness symptoms consistent with vestibular profiles. Conclusion Dizziness among African Americans is comparable to the general population with regards to age and sex distribution, accordingly to previously published estimates. Participants with dizziness symptoms appear to have significant differences in BMI and blood pressure regulation, especially with associated orthostatic or migraine type profiles; this relationship does not appear to be conserved in participants who present with vestibular etiology symptoms.

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Racial Differences of Pigmentation in the Human Vestibular Organs

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Scutellarein suppresses Aβ‑induced memory impairment via inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway in�vivo and in�vitro

Scutellarein suppresses Aβ‑induced memory impairment via inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway in�vivo and in�vitro

Comparison of Age-Related Pigmentary Changes in the Auditory and Vestibular Systems Within Mouse and Human Temporal Bones

Association Between Cardiometabolic Factors and Dizziness in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study

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